Unit 8 综合教程(3)练习答案与讲解.doc

Unit 8Man and SocietyChecking Your Vocabulary (P256)1. Put down the right word from Text B in the space provided according to the given definition. The first letter of each word is already given.1) intention2) harmonious3) damaging4) stimulate5) reserve6) accompany7) manners8) nourish2. Fill in each blank with a word or phrase from Text B. Both the explanation and the number of the paragraph in which the target word or phrase appears are given in the bracket. Be sure to use the proper form.1) working on2) taken lightly3) subjected to4) on (your) guard5) defects6) Leave aside7) boost8) on the contraryChecking Your Comprehension (P257)1. Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text B.1) Because such self-knowledge makes it possible to reinforce our standards of conduct, so that we can build good relationships with our fellow human beings.2) Standards of conduct have a decisive influence over relationships. They form a common basis of respect from which we can establish relationships.3) Yes. Good manners are closely related to standards of conduct because acquiring good manners is a necessary aspect of establishing standards of conduct.4) Because good manners help us to overcome even the most difficult situations. They are irreplaceable assets in establishing and maintaining relationships.5) Feelings of superiority and pride may give rise to bad feelings and resentment; such feelings do not help others and may well demoralize them.6) No. It is not enough just to have good manners and clear judgment in order to help others, for the efforts to do good must be accompanied by an unselfish love and a positive attitude.7) A positive attitude inspires others and transmits love through advice which is practical, beneficial and possible to carry out. It does not depend on personal success and good luck; so those with this attitude always behave in the same way, whether they are sad or happy, whether they are successful or not in their endeavors.2. Read the following sentences carefully and discuss in pairs what the author intends to say by the following sentences.1) While developing respect for others, we gradually become kind and sympathetic towards others without our knowing it.2) When we are in this state of mind, we will inevitably focus on their mistakes and shortcomings and criticize them for what they have done, while forgetting to boost their spirits and show enough sympathy and affection for them.3) A positive attitude is not influenced by your own circumstances.Words In Action (P259)1. In the boxes below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary.1) stimulated2) nourishing3) rivals4) defects5) enhance6) scarce7) prosperous8) reserved9) boost10) distributing11) accompanying12) property13) undermine14) bid15) regulations16) parallels17) harmonious18) retire19) lobbying20) coordinate2.In the boxes below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary. (P260)1) On the contrary2) on (your) guard against3) as a result of4) take lightly5) working on6) subjected to7) Leaving aside8) all manner of9) in exchange for10) it follow that11) in combination with12) beaten up13) pull together14) at the expense ofIncreasing Your Word Power (P198)1. The sufix -ship can be used to form nouns, meaning “state of being; status; office; skill; etc.” Studky the box below and complete the following sentences with the right words from it. Use plural forms if necessary.1) relationship2) courtship3) leadership4) apprenticeship5) friendship6) dealership(s)7) championship8) sportsmanship2. Fill in each blank in the following sentences with a proper preposition, paying attention to the collocations of verbs and prepositions.1) as2) to3) for4) for5) at/in6) from7) for8) with3. Nouns can function as premodifiers of other nouns. In serving this function, the attributive nouns resemble adjectives. Study the following noun phrases taken from Text A and translate them into Chinese.1) 工友，同事2) 竞争的商行3) 交响乐团4) 毛料/羊毛大衣5) 消费者的权利6) 进口限制7) 市场价格8) 优质的供应品9) 商业合作10) 政府调控Grammar Review (263)1. Underline the noun clause in each sentence and identify its grammatical function, i.e. whether it is used as the subject, the object, the predicative, or the appositive.1) “why they fall in and out of friendship quickly” is the predicative.2) “What I touched” is the subject.3) a) “that others will carry on what I can no longer do” is the object to the verb “know”. b) “what I can no longer do” is the object to the phrasal verb “carry on”. c) “that what was possible has been done” is the appositive to the noun “thought”. d) “what was possible” is the subject of the appositive clause.4) a) “that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old” is the object clause of the verb “believe”. b) “that she was growing old” is the object clause of the verb “notice”.5) “whether you are black or white, male or female” is the object to the verb “ask”.6) “Where I teach” is the subject.7) a) “what they habitually talk about” is the object to the preposition “by”. b) “how they allocate their time and money” is the other object to the preposition “by”.8) “whatever effort is necessary” is the object to the verb “make”.2. Fill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a proper connective that introduces a noun clause.1) where2) what3) whoever4) Whether5) which/what6) why7) whether/if3. Study the following sentences taken from the two texts in this unit, paying special attention to how the subject of each sentence is constructed. Then translate the given sentences into English, using the infinite phrase, -ing phrase, or it as the subject.1) It takes 10 minutes to get there on foot.2) It is impossible for us to catch the first bus.3) What to do next has not been decided yet. / It has not been decided yet what to do next.4) Spending too much time on computer games has affected his studies.5) Not having enough people to do the job is our major problem at present.Cloze (P265)Complete the following passage with words and phrases chosen from Text A. The initial letter of each is given.1) intentions2) as a result of3) inconsiderate4) conscious5) hurt6) reserve7) on guard against8) Instead of9) defects10) stimulate11) positive12) nourishes13) discouragement14) accompaniedTranslation (P265)1. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and expressions given in brackets.1) Those who suppose they possess more privileges tend to have feelings of superiority.2) High tariffs and an anti-dumping policy will undermine the competitive edge of the foreign products in the domestic market.3) If all the departments can be well coordinated and all of us pull together for the common good, we are bound/sure to succeed.4) To be on guard against theft, the school has issued regulations specifying the duties of the door keepers / guards / janitors.5) Good manners are always appreciated. It follows that good manners will enhance your chances of making friends with other people.6) Punctuation marks should not be taken lightly; sometimes the use of a wrong punctuation mark can literally change / alter the meaning of a sentence.2.Translate the following paragraph into English using the words and expressions in the box below. (P266)In the modern society, how does competition work in combination with cooperation? Firstly, scarcity leads to competition. Players of the same football team compete for slots on the team, and this team competes against other teams for victory. In a work place, colleagues compete for higher positions. And also in business, firms become rivals for more consumers and a bigger market share. But meanwhile competition is inseparable from cooperation. Players have to cooperate efficiently with one another to win the championships for their team. Colleagues have to cooperate to accomplish their shared task. Firms try their best to cooperate to lobby the agencies of business administration for the greatest privileges. All in all, individuals as well as teams are subjected to both competition and cooperation. The two together nourish the social development so that we can enjoy a more prosperous and harmonious world.Theme-Related Writing (P267)Sample Essay One:How to Survive in a Competitive Society?Competition in present-day society is fierce and cruel. It exists in different lines of work. For example, different musicians compete for each seat in their orchestra, and different orchestras compete for the privilege of making recordings with prestigious studios. Footballers compete for positions within the same team, and they work together to compete against other teams for championships. In short, whatever we do, we may feel the pressure of competition.However, instead of deploring competition, we should see the interrelationship between competition and cooperation. Cooperation and competition exist side by side and they are both unavoidable in human society. For example, while competing with other factories, producers and distributors of the same factory must cooperate and make coordinated efforts to satisfy the needs of customers. Business rivals have to cooperate with one another when their common market is threatened. Therefore, competition alone will not bring us success in what we are doing.In the face of competition, we should keep acquiring new skills and updating our knowledge so as to enhance our competitive ability. At the same time, we should learn the techniques of cooperating with others in the most effective manner.Sample Essay Two:Should We Offer Seats to Elderly People on the Bus During Rush Hours?I am amazed to read what a blogger says about offering bus seats to the elderly. He claims that “its the young who need it more” because they go to work early in the morning and feel exhausted after a days work. The blogger also argues that it is unfair to offer seats to the elderly since they already enjoy free rides, and suggests that during rush