高中阅读理解题型及解题技巧.doc

【本讲教育信息】一、教学内容：高中阅读理解题型及解题技巧二、教学目标：1、掌握阅读题中五大题型 2、结合练习掌握解题技巧三、重点、难点：如何根据阅读理解题考查角度的不同，采用不同的解题技巧1、细节理解2、猜测词义 3、推理判断4、主旨大意5、观点态度阅读理解专项复习（二）一、推理判断: 这种题型属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。主要是检测考生能否通过文章的字面意思去领悟作者的言外之意的能力。它要求考生依据全篇内在逻辑关系进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。注意解题技巧：1. 不选择照抄原文的选项，选择有同义词解释的选项。2. 不选事实细节选项3. 不选非事实选项 4. 选概括性/哲理性的选项常见提问形式有:1. It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that _2.The passage suggests/implies that _3.By the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author means _4. We can conclude that_.5. When the writer talks about., what he really means is that_.6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?SampleWhen the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked, “Are you single?” “Why, yes.” I answered, smiling at her happily. “So is my mother.” she said, “Would you like to meet her?” 1. The writer talked about the waitress age because he thought_.A. she was young B. it a pleasure to make friends with herC. she was beautiful D. it strange for her to fall in love with him2. The waitress said hello to the writer every day because_.A. she lived near his house B. he often went to visit her motherC. she wanted to be friendly with him D. she loved him very much （D C）SampleAnnealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass. 1. Why do people put hot metal in water?A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle.2. In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on _.A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metalC. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation3. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly. B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly. D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly. （D D C） 二、主旨大意：加工与浓缩信息的能力1. 标题类常见的题型: 1）The best title/ headline for this passage might be_.2）The text (passage) could be entitled .3）What is the best title for the passage? 4）Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2. 大意类常见题型1）This passage chiefly deals with_.2）Whats the topic of the article?3）What is the subject discussed in the text?4）With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?3. 目的主旨大意类常见题型1）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is_.2）The passage is meant to _ 3）The purpose of this article is _4. 主题句呈现的形式 A. 文首：提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式。Sample 1The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.Sample 2Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.B. 文尾：在表述细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.C. 文中：通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释，支撑或发展。Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.D. 无主题句：即主题句隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句。必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education. （C）三、观点态度:既考查学生对字面意思的理解，也考查学生对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的理解。正确理解作者的写作意图，所持的观点及阐述文章主题时的语气或对所论述的对象的态度。假如你是作者，你为什么要写本文？此类考题的主要形式：1. The writers purpose in writing this story is _ .2. The text discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that _ .注意：辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及观点的词汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。贬义：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment褒义：positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring中立：indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, neutral, apathetic, humor, disinterested, disinterestSampleOne of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; signals to us from the roadside bill-boards all day and flashes to us in colored lights all night.（根据文章中作者的用词来判断）The author appears _modern advertising.A. to like B. to be indifferent to C. to dislike D. to know how to deal with（C）SampleMillions of animals die each year on U.S. roads, the Federal Highway Administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. The main reason? Roadkill. The writer uses the example of “ocelots” to show that_.A. wild animals have become more dangerousB. the driving conditions have improved greatlyC. the measure for protecting wildlife fails to workD. an increasing number of animals are killed in road accidents.(D)【模拟试题】1Many Going to College Are Not Ready（许多上大学者并未准备好）Only about half of this years high school graduates have the reading skills they need to succeed in college, and even fewer are prepared for college-level science and math courses, according to a yearly report from ACT, which produces one of the nations leading college admissions tests.The report, based on scores of the 2005 high school graduates who took the exam, some 1.2 million students in all, also found that fewer than one in four met the college-readiness benchmarks in all four subjects tested: reading comprehension, English, math and science.ACT sets its college-readiness benchmarks including the reading comprehension benchmark, which is new this yearby correlating earlier students ACT scores with grades they actually received as college freshmen. Based on that data, the benchmarks indicate the skill level at which a student has a 70 percent likelihood of earning a C or better, and a 50 percent chance of earning a B or better.Among those who took the 2005 test, only 51 percent achieved the benchmark in reading, 26 percent in science, and 41 percent in math; the figure for English was 68 percent. Results from the new optional ACT writing test, which was not widely taken this year, were not included in the report.About 40 percent of the nations 2005 high school graduates took the ACT, and the average overall score was unchanged from the year before. Minority students make up 27 percent of all ACT test takers. Besides, there are also other worrying trends in the ACT report as well, including a continuing decline in the percentage of students planning to major in engineering, computer science and education.Notes: benchmark n. 基准 correlate v. 联系 likelihood n. 可能性Choose the best answers according to the above:1. The report from ACT mainly tells readers the problem that _.A. few minority students graduates took ACTB. many who intend to go to college are not readyC. the college-readiness benchmarks is high this yearD. the tests for some subjects are too difficult2. According to the benchmarks in 2005, about how many students will not earn C?A. 30 percent. B. 70 percent. C. 50 percent. D. 26 percent.3. Which of the following pictures can correctly show the numbers of the students who achieve the benchmark in different subjects? A. B. . C. . D. 4. Which of the followings can be found in the report from ACT in 2005?A. The report about the writing test is very objective.B. More boy students are not good at science and math.C. The percentage of students majoring science declined.D. The average score of 2005 ACT participants changed greatly.2Fathers Day（父亲节）The United States is one of the few countries in the world that has an official day on which fathers are honored by their children. On the third Sunday in June, fathers all across the United States are given presents, treated to dinner or otherwise made to feel special.However, the idea for creating a day for children to honor their fathers began in Spokane, Washington. A woman by the name of Sonora Smart Dodd thought of the idea for Fathers Day while listening to a Mothers Day sermon in 1909. Having been raised by her father, Henry Jackson Smart, after her mother died, Sonora wanted her father to know how special he was to her. It was her father that made all the parental sacrifices and was, in the eyes of his daughter, a selfless and loving man. Sonoras father was born in June, so she chose to hold the first Fathers Day celebration in Spikane, Washington on the 19th of June, 1910.In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge declared the third Sunday in June as Fathers Day. Roses are the Fathers Day flowers: red to be worn for a living father and white if the father has died.When children cant visit their fathers or take them out to dinner, they send a greeting card. Traditionally, fathers prefer greeting cards that are not too sentimental. Most greeting cards are too special so fathers laugh when they open them. Some give heartfelt thanks for being there whenever the child needed Dad.Notes: sermon v. 布道 sacrifices n. 牺牲 sentimental adj. 感伤的Choose the best answers according to the above:1. The United States is special in Fathers Day because _.A. many people celebrate the day B. only America celebrates the dayC. America makes it an official day D. all men are honored in America2. At first, Fathers Day was fixed on June 19th because _.A. Sonora honored her father on her fathers birthdayB. Sonoras birthday was June 19C. it was decided by the president at that timeD. her mother died on June 193. How many years has passed before Fathers Day became an official day since the fathers day was celebrated?A. 4 B. 10 C. 14 D. 244. According to the passage, on Fathers Day, _.A. people will wear the same flowers to honor their fathersB. only daughters wear red flowers to honor their fathersC. children must go home to honor their fathersD. fathers are often honored in different ways5. According to the passage, we can infer that Henry Jackson Smart _.A. was very kind to anyone B. did a lot for his daughterC. was the first father honored in 1924 D. always help others by giving money 3Greenland is Shrinking at Surprising Rate（格陵兰岛正在以惊人的速度缩小）A new study shows one of the largest glaciers in Greenland is becoming smaller and speeding to the sea faster than scientists expected. If it continues, Greenland itself could become much smaller during this century and global seas could rise as much as 3 feet.The rates of change that were noticing are much higher than expected. If these rates continue, it is not unlikely that Greenland could shrink by several tens of percent this century. However, its not known how quickly this coastal response of the Greenland ice sheet melting will have an effect on the vast inland ice.Greenland is the worlds largest island, covering an area more than three times the size of Texas. Some 81 percent of it is covered by ice, and there are many glaciers. Glaciers are like slow-moving rivers of ice. Where a glacier meets the sea, its weight keeps it firmly resting on the bottom. A glaciers front is the point where the water is deep enough that the glacier floats. Since the 1970s, the front of Helheim stayed in the same place. Then it began melting rapidly, moving back 4.5 miles from 2001 through this past summer. It has also grown thinner, from top to bottom, by more than 130 feet since 2001. And over these past four years, its trip to the sea has sped up from about 70 feet per day to nearly 110. The melting is driven by a warmer climate. Temperatures in Greenland have risen more than five degrees Fahrenheit in the last decade. Since most of Greenlands ice is on land, seas will rise as the ice melts. If all Greenlands ice sheet melted, oceans would be 15-20 feet higher. Nobody expects that to happen anytime soon. Notes: glacier n. 冰川 rate n. 比率 shrink v. 缩小Choose the best answers according to the above:1. Which of the following about the glaciers is TRUE?A. Glaciers only lie in Greenland.B. Water in glaciers is more than sea water.C. Glaciers sometimes float on the water. D. Glaciers can increase the water level of lakes.2. According to the text, we know that Greenland _.A. belongs to Canada B. is the largest island in North AmericaC. is all covered with glaciers D. is sinking under the sea level3. Which of the following may be the result of the disappearing of Greenland glaciers?A. The climate of the world will be warmer. B. The glaciers in other area will be bigger.C. It will be easy for explorers to visit the island.D. Some coastal cities may be under the sea.4Five-Star Hotel Under the Sea（海下五星级饭店）President Bush may talk about a plan to Mars, but Bruce Jones thinks there is still a healthy thirst for exploration into underwater worlds on our own planet. After growing up with a grandfather in the marine construction business, Jones quickly got a feel for the water. He started diving at age 9 and, by the 1980s, began offering advice for those interested in the submarine business. By 1993, he was running his own company, U.S. Submarines, which designs and builds submarines for others.Jones has $40 million spent in building a hotel where the most expensive rooms will be 50 feet under the sea off Eleuthera Island in the Bahamas. Unlike the Jules Undersea Lodge the only undersea hotel now, just off the coast of Key Largo, Fla. guests at the Poseidon wont need to put on a wet suit to their rooms. They also wont need to worry about changing pressure levels since the rooms will be kept at above-surface pressure. Instead, they can move easily to their $1,500-a-night underwater rooms by escalator. “I think there are a large number of people who would be interested,” said Jones, “including anyone who is looking for a different experience.”Each room will feature strong walls that look out onto coral gardens. There will be controls in each room that guests can use to change the lighting of the underwater worlds outside their windows and to provide food to fish swimming just outside. It