中考三种从句详解.doc

北京郭老师的精品课程 邮箱：三类从句的用法中考要求： 宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句的用法是中考热点之一，主要考查三种从句的引导词的选择；宾语从句的语序和时态；状语从句主要考查时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句，特别是条件状语从句的时态、so that引导的结果状语从句和目的状语从句等。 定语从句难点总结： 定语从句：用作定语的从句叫定语从句（表示形容词作用，所以也称之为形容词性从句） 成分解析关系词 词形 修饰的先行词在从句中所作的成分关系代词who 人 主语、宾语、表语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语、表语 that 人、物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人、物 定语关系副词when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语1）选出正确的关系代词或关系副词的关键： 看所修饰的是人还是物；看它所代表的先行词在定语从句中做什么成分。例如：Do you know the man who/that sells eggs to me?（所修饰的词是“the man”，在从句中作主语，用who/ that）You can go home where you can have a rest. 你可以回到你能休息的家中。(先行词是地点，where相当于at home，在从句中作地点状语)2）注意whom和whose的特殊用法 whom 代替人 1. 动词宾语 eg. He is the very man whom I want to see.2. 介词宾语 eg. The man with whom she was traveling is her boyfriend. whose 代替人或物 作用：从句中某名词的定语。1.代指人 She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London. 2.代指物 He lives in the room whose windows face south. 3）特殊用法 在下面几种情况下必须用that引导作定语从句。1.先行词是不定代词，如：all, few, little, much, everything, nothing, anything, none等。Eg. Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。Eg. This is the best movie that Ive ever seen. 3.先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。4. 当并列的先行词表示人和物时。 Eg. They are talking about things and persons that they remembered. 5. 在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复用that。 Eg. Who is the girl that is crying? 6. 主句以there be 开头。 Eg. There is a seat in the corner that is still free. 与介词搭配使用时1. 当关系代词紧跟介词，做介词宾语时，不可用that，只能用whom 或 which。2. 当介词位于定语从句句末时，可用that，也可用whom 或 which，也可以省去。3. 关系代词whom和which 作介词的宾语时，介词可以放在关系代词之前，也可以放在定语从句的动词之后。如果介词放在前，则whom和which 不可省，如果放在动词之后，则可以省去。4. 固定词组的介词不能前置。Eg. This is the house in which we lived last year。 = This is the house (that where) we lived in last year. This is the person ( whom) you are looking for. 真题再现1. Ill never forget the day_ the great scientist came to our school and gave us a speechA. that B. which C. when D. where2. -What kind of movies do you like ? - I like the movies _ are about Chinese history. A. who B. whom C. whose D. that 3. Who is the man _ is reading a book over there ? A. that B. whose C. which D. what 4. Jane is one of the students in the class _ have ever been to China. A. who B. whose C. which D. whom 5. There will be a stamp show in the museum _ we visited last week.A. who B. when C. which D. what宾语从句： 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句，中考主要考查的知识点有三个：引导词、语序和时态。宾语从句的引导词有三种：1）that；2）whether/ if；3）特殊疑问词What/ when/ where/ who等。1) 以that引导的宾语从句： that引导的宾语从句一般都是由陈述句充当，引导词that没有实际意义，不在从句中作任何成分，that可以省略，而且从句成分齐全，句意完整。Do you think (that) it will rain? 你认为天会下雨吗？He said (that) he could come on time. 他说他会准时来的。2) 以whether或if引导的宾语从句： 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，变成从句后，语序由原来的倒装语序变成陈述语序。whether和if意为“是否”。Let us know whether / if you can finish the work before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把工作做完。I dont care whether you like the story or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢这个故事。注意：以下情况一般只用whether不用if。 接带to的动词不定式。She doesnt know whether to go to the zoo. 她不知道是不是去动物园。 与or not连用时。Im not sure whether or not he will come on time. 他能否准时来，我说不准。3) 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句： 此类宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，变成宾语从句后要用陈述语序，由wh-开头的疑问词引导。包括who, whom, whose, what, which等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词，这些引导词有各自的意思，在从句中要作相应的成分，不能省略。例如：Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? 请问我们得走哪个门？He didnt tell me how long he would stay here. 他没有告诉我他要在这里呆多长时间。注意：1）语序：由whether/ if和特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句要用陈述语序，原来的倒装语序改成陈述语序时，注意相应的助动词和动词的变化等。Where does your father work? Can you tell us? Can you tell us where your father works? 你能告诉我们你爸爸在哪里工作吗？Did you get home very late? He asked me. He asked me if I got home very late. 他问我是否到家很晚。2）时态对应：如果主句是一般现在时，宾语从句根据实际情况用各种时态。例如：My teacher says he will be back in a week. （一般将来时）我的老师说他将在一个星期后回来。My teacher says he is watching TV. （现在进行时）我的老师说他正在看电视。My teacher says he has seen the movie. （现在完成时）我的老师说他已经看过这部电影了。如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句用相应的过去时态。例如：My father said he was watching TV at that time.（过去进行时）我爸爸说在那个时候他在看电视。（过去完成时）My father said the he had already seen the movie.我爸爸说他已经看过那部电影了。如果宾语从句是表示客观真理和规律的句子时，用一般现在时。例如：Our teacher told us the sun is much bigger than the earth. （一般现在时）我们的老师告诉我们太阳比地球大多了。3) 否定转移：主句如果是I think/ believe/ imagine/ suppose/ guess/ expect等，从句的否定一般要转移到主句中，其反意疑问句与从句一致。例如：I dont think theyll wait to the last minute. 我认为他们不会等到最后一分钟。I dont believe he did this, did he? 我相信他不会做这样的事，他会吗？真题再现1. - Do you know _ ? - Next Sunday. A. what they will do B. where they will go C. when they will come here D. who they will meet 2. Franklin told them all _ to be in Britain again. A. he was how happy B. how happy he was C. how was he happy D. he was happy how 3. -Jack, could you tell me _ ? -Sure, in the post office on Green Street. A. where you bought the stamps B. where did you buy the stamps C. when you bought the stamps D. when did you buy the stamps 4. -What a new computer! Can you tell me _ ? -Just the day before yesterday. A. how much you paid for it B. how much did you pay for it C. when you bought it D. when did you buy it 5. -Do you know _ this dictionary belongs to ? -Let me see. Oh, its _. A. who does; mine B. who; me C. whose; mine D. who; mine状语从句：用作状语的句子叫状语从句。 引导状语从句的连接词是从属连词。状语从句可以在句首，也可以在句尾，根据其用途可分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句，比较状语从句等。A. 时间状语从句：时间状语从句表示时间，常用连接词有：when（当时），while（当时），as（当时），before（在之前），after（在之后），since（自从），until（直到）， as soon as（一就），once（一旦就）等。 例如：I didnt go to bed until I finished my homework. 我直到做完作业才去睡觉。I can listen to the radio while I work. 我可以边听收音机边工作。注意： 时间状语从句中，一般要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如：I will telephone you when he comes. 他来了我给你打电话。Ill stay here until you come back. 我会呆在这里，直到你回来。 when引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，从句的谓语可以是延续性动词，也可以是瞬间动词。例如：He was working when I went in. 我进去时他正在工作。When she heard the news, she began to cry. 她听到这个消息，她哭了起来。while引导的状语从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的动词，意思是“在期间”。 while还可以表示两者之间的对比关系。They rushed in while we were singing. 我们唱歌时，他们冲进来。I like playing football, while Tom likes listening to music. 我喜欢踢足球，而汤姆喜欢听音乐。 as引导状语从句，强调同时发生，不分先后。可以译成“随着”或“一边一边”。例如：John sings as he walks home. 约翰一边往家走一边唱歌。since引导状语从句，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。We have been friends since we met in Beijing. 自从我们在北京遇到就一直是朋友。It has been six years since she left school. 自从她毕业已经有六年了。until/ till 引导时间状语从句，当主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词时，主句常用否定形式，not until意思为“直到才”。He didnt go to bed until he finished his homework. 他直到做完作业才睡觉。B. 地点状语从句：地点状语从句表示地点。其连接词有where（哪里），wherever（无论哪里）等。 例如：Put it where you find it. 把它放在原来的地方。You can sit wherever you like. 你喜欢坐在哪里就坐在哪里。C. 原因状语从句：原因状语从句表示原因或者理由。其连接词有：because（因为），as （因为），since（既然）等。 例如：I often eat carrots because they are good for my health. 我经常吃胡萝卜是因为对我的身体有好处。As I dont know the way, I had to ask the policeman. 由于我不知道路，所以我不得不问警察。注意： because表示因果关系语气最强，常用来回答我why提出的问题。I didnt tell them because they were too young. 我没有告诉他们，因为他们太小。 because和so不能同在一个句子里。Because the book was expensive, I didnt buy it. (I 前不用so)D. 结果状语从句：表示结果。其连接词有：sothat（如此以致），such that（如此以致）等。 Its such a good chance that you cant miss it. 这次机会如此好，你不能失去它。sothat 和 such that 都可以引导结果状语从句，注意so和such后面所接的词不同。 such. thatsucha(an)形容词单数可数名词that从句 such形容词复数名词/不可数名词that从句He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher. 他非常诚实，因而受到了老师的表扬。 They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again. 这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。 但是如果名词前由many、much、few、little（少）等词修饰，则用so。例如： He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了很多跤，以致全身上下青一块，紫一块的。 so . thatso形容词副词.that从句so形容词a(an)单数可数名词that从句He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him. 他跑得非常快，没人能追上他。 Dr. Wang is so good that everybody loves and respects him. =He is so good a doctor that everybody loves and respects him.=He is such a good doctor that everybody loves and respects him.) 他是一位好医生，大家都尊敬并爱戴他。E. 目的状语从句：表示目的。其连接词有：so（以便），so that（为了），in order that（为了）等，从句中多用情态动词can, will, may, should 等。 例如：He got up very early so that he could catch the first train. 他起床很早以便于赶第一班火车。F. 条件状语从句：条件状语从句表示条件。其连接词有：if（如果），unless （如果不，除非），as long as（只要）等。 例如：If it is fine tomorrow, we will go swimming. 如果明天天气好的话我们去游泳。 条件状语从句中，一般要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如：Unless it rains, the game will be played. 如果不下雨，比赛就将进行。 unless意思相当于ifnot。G. 让步状语从句：常由though/although (虽然)，even if/ though (即使)等引导。例如：Though its hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管这是一件艰苦的工作，但我乐意做。 真题再现1. -You study _ hard _ youre able to pass the exam. -Thank you for saying so. A. enough .to B. as.as C. so.that D. suchthat2. _you do, dont miss this exhibition, fo