2011职称英语理工类C级新增题目.doc

新增题目：1、阅读理解 教材第二篇文章World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict2、 阅读理解 教材第六篇文章Weaving with Light3、完形填空 教材第三篇文章What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?*阅读理解 教材第二篇文章World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictionsTheir study is in ACS EnergyFuels1Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting peak oilPeak oil is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of Peak Oil. The term Peal Oil indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible declineThe Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwideHowever, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countriesThose cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecastUsing the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the worlds conventional crude oil6 They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the worlds oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇：Conserve v 保护，保存crude oil原油spark v闪耀；激发；鼓舞curve n曲线irreversible adj不可逆的，不可改变的insufficient adj.充分的，不足的注释：1ACS Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，EnergyFuels即是其中一本。2the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家MKing Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。3a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线4that of peak oil：that指代concept。5account for：说明，解释6conventional crude oil：常规原油7 oil reserves：石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 理C科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年，已经发表在美国化学学会能量与燃料杂志上。伊布赫姆?纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值后开始下降的时间点。科学家已经构建了几个模型来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。其中最着名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型认为世界石油产量呈钟形曲线，与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎，已经用于预测世界石油生产。但是，最近研究表明，这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。科学家称，这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。科学家使用新模型评估了47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势，这47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供者。科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多年。科学家还指出，世界石油储量正在以2.1%的速度逐年减少，他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定，帮助进行国家政策辩论。练习：1Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word sparked appearing in paragraph 2?AflashedBstimulatedCchangedDended2The term a bell shaped curve appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production willAtake the shape of a flat curveBkeep growingCkeep decliningDstart to decline after global oil production peaks3Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?AIt successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the USin l 970BIt has been used to predict oil production in many countriesCIt is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countriesDIt provides a very realistic and accurate oil production4What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?AIt predicts global oil production will peak in 2014BIt predicts oil production will decline in 47 countriesCIt confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert modelDIt discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production5Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?AAmerican scientistsBKuwaiti scientistsCBritish scientistsDScientists of 47 major oil-producing countries答案与题解：1B spark一词做及物动词使用时有发动、激发的意思，在此意为stimulated，即引发，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对石油峰值预测的兴趣。2D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。3D 文章的第三段告诉我们，Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将达到峰值。这一模型自受到公认后，已用于预测世界石油生产。第四段说，这一模型对于某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期而言，其计算尚不充分。这些生产周期受到技术的改变、政策和其他因素的很大影响。所以，A、B和C都是对Hubbert模型的正确说明。4A选项8、C和D所述内容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告诉我们，科学家使用新的模型评估了47个主要的产油国家的石油生产趋势，并预计全球常规原油生产到2014年将达最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5B 短文第一段的第一个句子提供了答案。 *阅读理解 教材第六篇文章Weaving with LightIn the Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico1，the native Huichol people2 live much the way their ancestors did-without electricity. Thats because its too expensive to string power lines3 to the remote mountain areas where they live. To help support themselves，the Huichol create beautiful artwork. They sell their art in cities hundreds of miles away from their villages. And without electricity-at home or on the road，they can only work during daylight hours. When it gets dark，they must stop whatever theyre doing.Now，a team of scientists，designers，and architects is using4 new technologies to provide the Huichol with light after the sun sets The scientists technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes，bags，or other items.By collecting the suns energy during the day，these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at night. Their inventors have named the fabrics Portable Lights. Portable Lights have the potential to transform the lives of people without electricity around the world，says project leader Sheila Kennedy.“Our invention，”Kennedy says，“came from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United States and move it into new markets for people who didnt have a lot of money.”At the core of5 Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness light-emitting diodes，or HB LEDs6.These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlights.LEDs are completely different from the light bulbs. Most of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lights. Inside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2,200 degrees Celsius. At that temperature，bulbs give off light we can see.Ninety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights，however，is heat - and invisible. With all that wasted energy，bulbs bum out quickly. They are also easily broken.LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure. When an electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces light. Unlike incandescent bulbs，they can produce light of various colors. Within an LED，the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced.词汇：Portable adj.轻便的，手提式的 incandescent adj.白灼的Light-emitting diode(LED)发光二极管 coil n.线圈，卷，圈Bulb n.灯泡;球状物 molecule n.分子注释：1.Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico：墨西哥中西部的马德雷山脉。Sierra一词在西班牙语中本身就包含了“山脉”的意思，确切地说是“呈齿状起伏的山脉，因为在西班牙语中Sierra有“锯子的意思。2.Huichol people：维克人。他们是居住在墨西哥中西部地区马德雷山脉的土著印地安人。该地区山路崎岖，所以西班牙人未涉足于此，墨西哥文化也没能影响维克人的土著文化。据估计，维克印地安人现仅存约一万人。3.string power lines：架设输电线4.Now，a team of scientistsis using5.At the core of：此处the core of意为the basic or most important part of(最重要的部分)。6.At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness light-emitting diodes， or HB LEDs：本句是倒装句，主语是“devices called high-brightness light-emitting diodes, or HB LEDs，谓语动词是“are”。High-brightness light-emitting diodes可译为“高亮度发光二极管。在墨西哥中西部的马德雷山脉，维克人过着与祖先类似的生活他们不是用电，因为在他们居住的偏远山区架设电线成本太大。维克人以制作精美的工艺品为生，他们到几百英里以外的城市去销售工艺品。因为家里和路上都没有电，他们只能白天工作，天一黑就不得不停下手中的活计。如今，一个由科学家、设计师和建筑师组成的团队正在利用新技术为维克人在太阳下山之后提供光亮。科学家的技术将小小的电晶体编入纺织品内，纺织品可以做成衣服、袋子和其他物品。这些纺织品白天收集太阳能，晚上可以发出明亮的白光。发明者将这些纺织品命名为“移动光源”。项目负责人希拉?肯尼迪称，移动光源有可能改变全世界用不上电的人们的生活。肯尼迪说，“这一发明的动力是我们可以改变美国日常所见的技术，用来服务那些不富裕的人们。”移动光源技术的核心是高亮度发光二极管，已经在电子钟、电视和路灯中得以应用。发光二极管与电灯泡完全不同，玻璃灯泡大多是白炽灯，内部用电将金属丝加热到2,200摄氏度以上。这种温度下，灯泡发出我们能看到的光。但是，白炽灯散发的能量90%都是热量，而热量是不可见的。因为浪费了很多能量，白炽灯消耗能量的速度很快。另外，白炽灯也很容易损坏。而发光二极管如同由按照晶体结构排列的分子组成的小块石头，电流通过发光二极管时，晶体结构就会发光。而白炽灯不同，发光二极管可以发出各种颜色的光。发光二极管内部的分子类型和排列方式决定了光的颜色。练习：1.To make a living，the Huichol create artwork andA.sell it to tourists in their villages.B.sell it in cities far away from their villages.C.display it in their village museum.D.keep it in their homes to attract tourists.2.Why Can Portable Lights emit light?A.Electronic crystals are woven into fabrics.B.Items such as clothes and bags are used to carry lights.C.The suns energy is collected during the day.D.All of the above.3.What does Sheila Kennedy say about Portable Lights?A.This invention Can change the lives of people，both rich and poor.B.They are widely used in the United States.C.Portable Lights can help poor people around the world to get light.D.They are expensive to make but easy to carry.4.What is the most important part of the Portable Light technology?A.HB LEDsB.Glass Bulbs.C.Incandescent lights.D.Heated metal coils.5.LEDs are different from light bulbs in thatA.LEDs ale incandescent lights while light bulbs are not.B.LEDs have a metal coil while light bulbs have not.C.LEDs emit colored light while most fight bulbs dont.D.LEDs are made up of tiny pieces of rock while light bulbs are not.答案与题解：1.B短文的第一段提供了答案，该段告诉我们，维克人为了谋生，制作工艺品，并到几百英里以外的城市去销售。2.D文章的第二和第三段包括了A、B和C所述内容。所以D是答案。3.C短文的第四和第五段提供了答案。短文第四段的句子说了Potable Lights可以在世界范围内改变穷乡僻壤用不上电的人们的生活，C准确地表达了这层意思，所以是答案。A不是答案，说Potable Lights能改变富人穷人的生活，不符合原文的意思。短文没有提及Portable Lights在美国使用，也没有说Portable Lights是否花费很大。所以B和D都不是答案。4.A第六段的第一句提供了答案。Portable Lights技术的最主要部分是high-brightness light-emitting diodes，即高亮度发光二极管。5.C短文的第六段对light bulbs进行了描述。第二句中的those glass bulbs即指第一句中的light bulbs。因此，LEDs不是incandescent lights(白炽灯)，也没有金属丝。所以A和B均是错误的选择。最后一段的第一个句子LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rockmade up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure中的like pieces of rock，不等于pieces of rock，所以，D也是错误选择。根据短文的最后一段内容，C是正确选择。*完形填空 教材第三篇文章What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91 which l in Antarctica in 1983We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in2一. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120 to -120The temperature depends upon 3 you are in direct sunlight or shadeObviously, -l20 is colder than our body can safely endureThank NASA science for well-designed space 4 that protect astronauts from these temperature extremesThe space temperatures just discussed affect only Our areal of the solar5Obviously，it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the SunAstronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your6We are taught it is supposedly 7 to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273，at which atoms do not moveTwo scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely 8 absolute zeroThey won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their worknot a discovery，in this case2Why is the two scientists work so important to science?In the l920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting 9 about particles we now call photonsBose had trouble l0 other scientists to believe11 he contacted Albert EinsteinEinsteins calculations helped him theorize12 behave as Bose thoughtbut only at very cold temperaturesScientists have also discovered that 13 atoms can help them make the worlds atomic clocks even more accurateThese clocks are so accurate today they would only lose3 0ne second 14 six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time4 (d=vt)With5 the long distances involved in space 15 to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance词汇：Antarctica n南极洲Orbit n轨道NASA 美国国家航空和航天管理局Astronomer n天文学家Pluto n冥王星Photon n光子Theorize v推理，使理论化Velocity n速度注释：1our area：我们的这个区域。指的是太阳系中环地球的宇宙空间。2in this case：在这个案例中。诺贝尔物理奖一般是授予创立某种重大理论或有着重大发现的科学家。在这一案例中，两位科学家不是由于有重大科学发现而得奖，而是由于成功地将气体的温度降到接近绝对零度而得奖。3These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second：这些钟如此精确，才慢l秒钟。they would only lose one second是结果状语，they之前省略了连接词that。4velocity times time：速度乘以时间。times是介词，意为“乘以”。5With：由于宇宙中哪种气体温度最低？地球上记录到的最低温度是多少？出现在哪里？地球上最低的温度是-91。1983年出现在南极洲。我们讨论宇宙温度时会发现一种有趣的现象。地球轨道上的温度是介于+120至-120之间。温度的变化取决于是向阳还是背阳。很明显，-120远低于人体能忍受的安全温度。幸亏美国国家航空和航天管理局生产出一种装置，保护宇航员不受极端温度的侵害。刚才讨论是有关太阳系中环地球宇宙空间的温度。很明显，离太阳越近，温度越高，反之，温度越底。天文学家预测冥王星的温度大约是-210。整个宇宙的最低温度是多少呢？如前所述，这仍要取决于你的位置。原子在-273时就不再移动了，这就是所谓的绝对零度，我们都知道不可能再有比绝对零度更低的温度了。科学家Cornell 和 Wieman 成功地将气体的温度降到接近绝对零度，并因此获得了2001年诺贝尔物理学奖。在这一案例中，这两位科学家并不是因为重大的科学发现获奖的。那么，这两位科学家的工作为什么对科学界来说很重要呢？早在20世纪90年代，科学家Satyendra Nath Bose就在研究一种关于发光微粒的理论。这种微粒就是我们现在所说的光子。其他科学家不接受他的理论，Bose对此一筹莫展，只好求助于Albert Einstein。Einstein的计算从理论上证实原子确实能像Bose猜想的那样移动，但必须在超低的温度下。科学家还发现超低温度下的原子可以使原子表更精确。原子表精确之极，每600万年才慢一秒！如此精确的计时有利于人类的宇宙航行，因为航行距离等于速度乘以时间。从地球飞向其他星球的宇宙航程很长，计时越精确，测算宇宙飞行器的即时距离就越精确。练习：1A opened B occurredC opposedD operated2A Earth B space C planet D star3A whetherB where C what D when4A foods B bedsC tools D suits5A wind B energy C system D rays6A education B status C knowledge D location7. A reasonable B wonderful C impossible D necessary8A above B below C within D beyond9A invention B theory C paper D experiment10A convincingB begging C ordering D forcing11A and B though C butD so12A will B would C must D can13A ultra-small B ultra-fast C ultra-hotD ultra-cold 1