正常青少年的焦虑和抑郁症状与自己和父母报告其行为抑制之间的关系

Personality and Individual Differences人格与个体差异I F: 1.861,Relationships between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression in normal adolescents正常青少年的焦虑和抑郁症状与自己和父母报告其行为抑制之间的关系,Behavioural inhibition can be regarded as a temperamental trait which is characterised by the tendency of children and adolescents to be unusually shy and to react with fear and withdrawal in novel and/or unfamiliar social situations (Kagan, 1997). 行为抑制可以作为一种气质特性，是儿童和青少年的一种倾向性特质，在在新颖/不熟悉的社会情境中通常会表现出害羞，出现恐惧的反应和退缩(Kagan, 1997),1、问题提出,Research has shown that youths who are behaviourally inhibited seem to be at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders。children initially identified as behaviourally inhibited were subsequently more likely to develop anxiety disorders compared to control children 有研究就表明行为抑制的青年会有更大的风险出现焦虑障碍。如果是儿童时期表现为行为抑制，那么相比控制组，在随后更有可能患有焦虑障碍。,So far, research has emphasised that behavioural inhibition is a risk factor for developing childhood anxiety disorders。There is some evidence showing that behavioural inhibition is also associated with elevated levels of depression (e.g., Reznick,Hegeman, Kaufman, & Woods, 1992). 到目前为止，研究都强调行为抑制是儿童发展焦虑障碍的一个风险因素。同时也有证据表明行为抑制也和抑郁水平是相关的。,Most behavioural inhibition studies have employed extensive laboratory procedures to assess behavioural and physiological features of the inhibited temperament in relatively young children. 大多数行为抑制的研究是应用的是实验程序来评估相对较小的儿童抑制气质的行为和生理特征。,Inspired by the work of Reznick et al. (1992) and Gest (1997), Muris, Merckelbach, Wessel, and Van de Ven (1999) recently developed the Behavioural Inhibition Instrument (BII), a self-report instrument for assessing behavioural inhibition in older children. 而Reznick et al. (1992) and Gest (1997), Muris,Merckelbach, Wessel, and Van de Ven (1999)他们编制了自我报告方式来评估行为抑制的工具即Behavioural Inhibition Instrument (BII)来评估年龄较大一点的儿童。,So far, two studies have used the BII in order to examine the connection between behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in children and adolescents 到目前为止，只有两个研究使用BII来研究儿童和青少年的行为抑制和焦虑障碍、抑郁症状之间的关系。,While previous studies (Muris et al., 1999, 2001) solely relied on youths self-report, the present investigation also assessed behaviouralinhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression from the parents point of view. The current study further investigated the relationship between behavioural inhibition as indexed by the BII and symptoms of anxiety and depression。 然而以前的研究(Muris et al., 1999, 2001)只是单独的依赖于青少年自我报告，当前调查也从父母的视角来评估儿童的行为抑制和焦虑和抑郁的症状。所以当前的研究想进一步通过BII指标来调查行为抑制和焦虑、抑郁症状之间的关系。,2、1被试和程序 The parents of 499 first grade schoolchildren of a normal secondary school were approached by mail. In a letter, parents received information about the study and they were asked to give their consent about their childs participation. 向普通小学的一年级学生的499父母发信件。在信件里，父母接受到的关于这个研究信息和邀请他们孩子参与的知情同意。,2、方法,In addition, parents were invited to complete parent versions of the BII and RCADS (see later) and to return materials in a sealed envelope. 而且，父母被要请完成父母版本的BII和RCADS（修订版本的焦虑抑郁量表）和使用封口的信封来返回材料。,Three hundred and twenty-seven parents (65.5%) responded positively to the mailing. Children of these parents were asked to complete child versions of the BII and the RCADS.This was done in their classrooms with a research assistant and the teacher always present to ensure confidential and independent responding. 327名父母(65.5%)积极的回应了信件。父母的孩子要求去完成儿童版本的BII和RCADS。这件事情的完成是在他们的教室里，研究助手和老师也在场为了确保可靠和他们独立完成。,Eventually, due to missing data and children being absent at the class assessment, data of 310 parents, 297 adolescents, and 280 parentadolescent pairs were collected. The total group of adolescents (N=327; 149 boys and 178 girls) had a mean age of 12.7 years (SD=0.6, range 1115 years, 99% of the adolescents was aged 1214 years). 最终，由于数据丢失和儿童没有参与教室的评估，共收集到310名父母，297名青少年和280名父母青少年配对的数据。前少年(N=327; 149 男生 和178 女生)的平均年龄在12.7岁(SD=0.6, 范围 1115 岁, 99% 青少年的年龄在 1214 岁)。,2、2测量工具 BII contained eight items referring to shyness, communication, fearfulness, and smiling when meeting an unfamiliar child/adult. Items are rated on four-point Likert scales with 1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=often, and 4=always. After recoding positive items, scores are summed to yield a BIS child (range: 416), a BIS adult (range: 416), and a BIS total score (range: 832). The second part of the BII remained unchanged and asked children to classify themselves in one of the three behavioural inhibition categories (i.e. low, middle, or high). 第一部分的BII共包含8个项目，涉及到当面对不熟悉的儿童/承认时害羞、交流、恐惧、微笑。采用李克特4计分，1 =没有,2 =有时,3 =经常、4 =总是。重新积极的项目编码后,成绩总分产生BIS的儿童(范围:4-16),BIS的成年人(范围:4-16)和BIS总分(范围:8-32)。的第二部分BII保持不变,问孩子将自己的三个行为抑制类别(即低、中、高)。,The RCADS is an adaptation of the Spence Childrens Anxiety Scale (SCAS; Spence, 1997, 1998) and attempts to assess symptoms of DSM-defined anxiety disorders and major depression. RCADS是一个修订的适合测量儿童焦虑的量表(SCAS; Spence, 1997, 1998)，和试图去评估DSM定义的焦虑障碍和主要抑郁症状。,The scale consists of 47 items that can be allocated to six subscales: social phobia、panic disorder、major depressive disorder、separation anxiety disorder、generalised anxiety disorder、obsessive-compulsive disorder。Items have to be scored on a four-point scale with 0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, and 3=always. RCADS subscale scores and a total anxiety score can be obtained by summing across relevant items. 量表包含47个条目，分为6个维度：社会恐怖症（9个条目）、恐慌症（9个条目）,重度抑郁症（10个条目）、分离焦虑症（7个条目）,一般性焦虑症（6个条目）,强迫症-冲动障碍（6个条目）.问卷为四点量表（0-4），0 =不,1 =有时,2 =经常,3 =总是。RCADS维度分数和总焦虑分的总和为相关项目的总分。,Parent versions of BII and RCADS（父母版本的BII和RCADS）The parent versions of the BII and the RCADS (i.e. BII-P and RCADS-P) were identical to the child versions of these measures, except that items/descriptions were rephrased in terms of the parents perspective. 父母版本的BII和RCADS是相对于儿童版本而言，除了了项目用父母的视角来描述，其他一样。,3、1General findings（一般发现） First, questionnaires were reliable in terms of internal consistency. That is, all Cronbachs alphaswere well above 0.60 (Table 1). 第一，所有问卷的内部一致性系数都高于0.6，是可信的。(Table 1).,3、结果,Second, no substantial gender differences were found: girls reported somewhat higher levels of separation anxiety disorder symptoms than boys, means being 1.9 (SD=2.1) versus 1.4 (SD=1.8) t(295)=2.0, P0.05, but when applying a Bonferroni correction this difference no longer attained statistical significance. 第二，没有发现实质的性别差异：女孩在一定程度上要比男生在分离性焦虑上分要高1.9 (SD=2.1)VS 1.4 (SD=1.8)，t(295)=2.0, P0.05 ，但是用Bonferroni 矫正后不再存在统计显著性。,Third, the age range of the adolescents was restricted (i.e. 1115 years) and no meaningful correlations between age and behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety/depression were found. 第三，年龄的范围有限（1115岁），所有，发现年龄和行为抑制和焦虑/抑郁症状没有显著相关。,3.2. Correspondence between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition（儿童-父母报告行为抑制之间的相关） Correlations between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition as indexed by the BIS were positive but modest, with rs between 0.44 and 0.49 (all Ps0.001; Table 1). 儿童-父母报告行为抑制之间的BIS指标为正相关但是都是中度相关。相关系数在0.44-0.49,The percentage of agreement between child and parent with regard to the BI categories (low, middle, high) was 61.4%, with Cohens kappa being insufficient (p=0.32) and a modest Spearman rank correlation (r=0.42, P0.001). 儿童和父母关于BI的类别上的一致百分比数为61.4%，Cohens kappa 并不充分(p=0.32)，也只有中度的Spearman等级相关(r=0.42, P0.001),3.3. Correspondence between child- and parent-reported anxiety and depression（儿童-父母报告焦虑和抑郁的一致性） social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder seemed to be somewhat higher than that for symptoms of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and to a lesser extent generalised anxiety disorder 社交恐惧症、分离焦虑障碍和抑郁的症状在一定程度上高于恐慌症,强迫症-冲动障碍,一般性焦虑障碍处于次要的。,Furthermore, paired t-tests indicated that parents reported higher levels of social phobia and separation anxiety disorder symptoms for their children than children themselves。 而且，配对样本检验，发现父母报告要你孩子自己报告更好水平的社会恐惧和分离性焦虑。,3.4. Relationships between child-reported behavioural inhibition and anxiety/depression（儿童报告行为抑制和焦虑/抑郁的关系） First, Pearson correlations were computed between the child version of the BIS and RCADS and RCADS-P scores 第一，皮尔逊相关分析来比较儿童版本的BIS 、RCADS 和RCADS-P分数,Second, (multivariate) analyses of variance were carried out to compare the RCADS and RCADS-P scores of adolescents who classified themselves as either low, middle, or high on behavioural inhibition. 第二，分析比较RCADS 和RCADS-P对于低，中，高行为抑制的被试,3.5. Relationships between parent-reported behavioural inhibition and anxiety/depression（父母报告行为抑制和焦虑/抑郁的关系）,3.6. Relative predictive validity of child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition to symptoms of anxiety and depression（儿童-父母报告行为抑制预测焦虑/抑郁症状） child-reported anxiety and depression were best predicted by child-reported behavioural inhibition, whereas parent-reported anxiety and depression were best predicted by parent-reported behavioural inhibition. 儿童报告的行为抑制可以很好的预测儿童报告的焦虑/抑郁症状；父母报告的儿童的行为抑制可以很好的预测父母报告儿童的焦虑/抑郁症状,In only two of the regression analyses child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition both accounted for a unique and significant proportion of the variance. 两个关于儿童-父母报告行为抑制都可以显著的解释一个部分变化。,Laboratory observations have shown that behavioural inhibition is present in 1015% of children who manifest this behavioural pattern in its extreme (see Turner et al., 1996) 实验室的观察表明行为抑制在1015%儿童群体上存在，显示这种行为抑制的广泛存在的。,4、讨论,The present data nicely illustrate the relatively poor agreement between parent and child report with regard to the assessment of interna lising symptoms such as anxiety and depression (e.g. Rapee, Barrett, Dadds, & Evans, 1994). 当前的数据非常漂亮的阐明了相关的不一致在父母和儿童报告评价相关的焦虑/抑郁症状。,Agreement between adolescents and their parents for behavioural inhibition was also rather mod