化工专业英语Lesson 1.doc

Lesson1 Chemical Engineering化学工程 A1 Chemical engineering is the development of processes and the design and operation of plants in which materials undergo changes in physical or chemical state on a technical scale. 化学工程是过程的开发和工厂的设计与操作，在工厂中材料以某种技术规模进行的物理或化学状态的变化。2 Applied throughout the process industries, it is founded on the principles of chemical, physics, and mathematics. 它建立在化学、物理和数学的原则上，适用于整个工业过程。3 The laws of physical chemistry and physics govern the practicability and efficiency of chemical engineering operations. 物理化学和物理定律支配着化工业务（化学工程操作）的实用性和效率。4 Energy changes, deriving from thermodynamic considerations, are particularly important. 能量的变化，从热力学考虑派生，显得尤其重要。5 Mathematics is a basic tool in optimization and modeling. 数学是一个优化和建模的基本工具。6 Optimization means arranging materials, facilities, and energy to yield as productive and economical an operation as possible. 优化意味着合理安排材料、设备和能源，尽可能生产经济多产的操作。7 Modeling is the construction of theoretical mathematical prototypes of complex process systems, commonly with the aid of computers. 建模是将复杂过程系统建立出其理论数学原型的过程，通常需要借助电脑完成。 B1 Chemical engineering is as old as the process industries. 化学工程和加工工业（制造工业）一样古老。2 Its heritage dates from the fermentation and evaporation processes operated by early civilizations. 其继承于早期文明的发酵和蒸发过程。3 Modern chemical engineering emerged with the the development of large-scale, chemical-manufacturing operations in the second half of the 19th century. 在19世纪下半叶，随着大规模的化学制造业的发展，出现了现代化学工程。4 Throughout its development as an independent discipline, chemical engineering has been directed toward solving problems of designing and operating large plants for continuous production. 化学工程作为一门独立的学科，纵观其发展过程，它已经朝向解决大型工厂连续化生产的设计和操作的问题。 C1 Manufacture of chemicals in the mid-19th century consisted of modest craft operations. 在19世纪中叶，化工生产由小型的手工操作组成。2 Increase in demand, public concern at the emission of noxious effluents, and competition between rival processes provided the incentives for greater efficiency. 随着需求的增加，公众对有害物质排放的关注，和与对手的竞争过程为创造更高效率提供了激励机制。3 This led to the emergence of combines with resources for larger operations and caused the transition from a craft to a science-based industry. 这导致了大型操作与资源相结合的联合工厂的出现，引起了从手工业到以科学为基础的产业（科技工厂）的过渡。4 The result was a demand for chemists with knowledge of manufacturing processes, known as industrial chemists or chemical technologists. 其结果是引起了对具有制造过程知识的化学家的需求，这是工业化学家或化工技师所知晓的。5 The term chemical engineer was in general use by about 1900. 大约在1900年，化学工程师一词被广泛应用。6 Despite its emergence in traditional chemicals manufacturing, it was through its role in the development of the petroleum industry that chemical engineering became firmly established as a unique discipline. 尽管出现在传统的化学品制造中，但它的价值却是通过其在石油工业这门由化工工程牢固建立成的独立学科来实现的。7 The demand for plants capable of operating physical separation processes continuously at high levels of efficiency was a challenge that could not be met by the traditional chemist or mechanical engineer. 工厂的需求是能够高效连续地进行物理分离过程的操作，这是传统的化学家或工程师无法迎接的挑战。 D1 A landmark in the development of chemical engineering was the publication in 1901 of the first textbook on the subject, by George E. Davis, a British chemical consultant. 化学工程发展的里程碑是:在1901年，一个英国化学顾问乔治E戴维斯,出版了关于此话题的教科书。2 This concentrated on the design of plant items for specific operations. 这本书集中描述了设计工厂项目的具体操作。3 The notion of a processing plant encompassing a number of operations, such as mixing, evaporation, and filtration, and of these operations being essentially similar, whatever the product, led to the concept of unit operations. 注意到加工厂包括的一系列操作，如混合、蒸发、过滤，无论产物是什么，这些操作都基本相同，从而导致了单元操作的概念。4 This was first enunciated by the American chemical engineer Arthur D. Little in 1915 and formed the basis for a classification of chemical engineering that dominated the subject for the next 40 years. 这个概念被美国化学工程师理特于1915年首次解释，并形成了化学工程分类的基础，主导了这个学科未来的40年。5 The number of unit operationsthe building blocks of a chemical plantis not large. 单元操作的数目一个化工厂的建筑模块数并不大。6 The complexity arises from the variety of conditions under which the unit operations are conducted. 复杂性来自于单元操作进行的条件的多样性。 E1 In the same way that a complex plant can be divided into basic unit operations, so chemical reactions involved in the process industries can be classified into certain groups, or unit processes(e.g., polymerizations, esterifications, and nitrations), having common characteristics. 同复杂的工厂可划分为基本的单元操作一样，过程工业中涉及到的化学反应也可分成一定的单元过程（如聚合、酯化和硝化），它们具有共同的特性。2 This classification into unit processes brought rationalization to the study of process engineering. 单元过程的这种分类对于过程工程的研究是合理的。 F1 The unit approach suffered from the disadvantage inherent in such classification: a restricted outlook based on existing practice. 单元方法遭受这种分类固有的缺点：基于现存的方法，限制了其前景。2 Since World War, closer examination of the fundamental phenomena involved in the various unit operations has shown these to depend on the basic laws of mass transfer, heat transfer, and fluid flow. 世界二战以来，仔细观察各种单元操作中包含的基本现象已经表明，这取决于质量传递、热量传递和流体流动的基本规律。3 This has given unity to the diverse unit operations and has led to the development of chemical engineering science in its own right; 这统一了各种各样的单元操作，引导了化学工程科学的正确发展。4 as a result, many applications have been found in fields outside the traditional chemical industry.结果是，在传统化学工厂之外的领域发现了许多应用。 G1 Study of the fundamental phenomena upon which chemical engineering is based has necessitated their description in mathematical form and has led to more sophisticated mathematical techniques. 研究化工依赖的基本现象需采用数学形式来描述，并借助复杂的数学技术来解决。2 The advent of digital computers has allowed laborious design calculations to be performed rapidly, opening the way to accurate optimization of industrial processes. 电子计算机的出现，使辛苦的设计计算工作能够快速进行，为工业生产工艺的优化开辟了道路。3 Variations due to different parameters, such as energy source used, plant layout, and environmental factors, can be predicted accurately and quickly so that the best combination can be chosen. 如所用的能源来源、工厂布置和环境因素这样的不同参数引起的变化可正确和快速地得到预测，就可能选择出最佳的组合。 H1 Chemical Engineering Functions. 化学工程的功能2 Chemical engineers are employed in the design and development of both processes and plant items. 化学工程师主要设计和开发工业流程和工厂项目。3 In each case, data and predictions often have to be obtained or confirmed with pilot experiments. 在不同的情况下，数据和预测经常能够通过先导性的实验被获得和预测。4 Plant operation and control is increasingly the sphere of the chemical engineer rather than the chemist. 工厂操作和控制日益成为化学工程师的领域，而不是化学家的领域。5 Chemical engineering provides an ideal background for the economic evaluation of new projects and, in the plant construction sector, for marketing. 化学工程为新项目的经济评估和工程建设方面的营销提供一个了理想的背景。 I1 Branches of Chemical Engineering. 化学工程的分支2 The fundamental principles of chemical engineering underlie the operation of processes extending well beyond the boundaries of the chemical industry, and chemical engineers are employed in a range of operations outside traditional areas. 化学工程的基本原则成为延伸到化学工业的边界之外的过程操作的基础，化学工程师从事传统领域之外的一系列操作。3 Plastics, polymers, and synthetic fibers involve chemical reaction engineering problems in their manufacture, with fluid flow and heat transfer considerations dominating their fabrication. 塑料、聚合物和合成纤维在生产中涉及化学反应工程问题，其中流体流动和传热是生产中主要考虑的因素。4 The dyeing of a fiber is a mass-transfer problem. 纤维染色是一个传质问题。5 Pulp and paper manufactures involve considerations of fluid flow and heat transfer. 纸浆和纸张生产涉及到流体流动和传热问题。6 While the scale and materials are different, these again are found in modern continuous production of foodstuff. 虽然规模和材料是不同的，但这些问题在现代食品的连续生产中又能够被发现。7 The pharmaceuticals industry presents chemical engineering problems, the solutions of which have been essential to the availability of modern drugs. 制药行业也出现了化学工程问题,这些问题的解决方案对于现代药物的可用性是必要的。8 The nuclear industry makes similar demands on the chemical engineer, particularly for fuel manufacture and reprocessing. 核工业对化学工程师提出了相似的要求，特别是对燃料的生产和再处理方