外语职称考试新增内容.doc

词汇选项 题量不变，一共10组词汇，每组15道小题 没有新增阅读判断 没有新增概括大意与完成句子 没有新增2012版职称英语理工类教材阅读理解一共新增6篇文章，其中理工C新增阅读两篇：第六篇Making Light of Sleep第十九篇Graphenes Superstrength理工B新增阅读两篇：第三十八篇 Life Form Found on Saturns Titan第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety理工C复习范围：阅读第1-30篇理工B复习范围：阅读第1-40篇2012版职称英语理工类教材完型填空一共新增6篇文章，其中理工C完型新增2篇第三篇Germs on Banknotes第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness理工B完型新增2篇笫十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities和第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk理工C复习范围：完型第1-10篇理工B复习范围：完型第1-12篇【理工类教材阅读理解篇目录】第一篇 Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than SomePredict第三篇 Citizen Scientists第四篇 Motoring Technology第五篇 Late-Night Drinking第六篇 Weaving with Light（2011理工C阅读真题）-2012版教材改为Making Lightof Sleep第七篇 Sugar Power for Cell Phones第八篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful第九篇 Egypt Felled by Famine第十篇 Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers第十一篇 The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself第十二篇 Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass第十三篇 Invisibility Ring第十四篇 Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers第十五篇 Winged Robot Learns to Fly第十六篇 Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth第十七篇 A Sunshade for the Planet第十八篇 Thirst for Oil第十九篇 Prolonging Human Life -2012版教材改为Graphenes Superstrength第二十篇 Explorer of the Extreme Deep ；第二十一篇 Plant Gas第二十二篇 Snowflakes第二十三篇 Powering a City Its a Breeze.第二十四篇 Underground Coal Fires a Looming Catastrophe第二十五篇 Eat to Live第二十六篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently第二十七篇 Driven to Distraction第二十八篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories第二十九篇 Food Fright第三十篇 Digital Realm*第三十一篇 Hurricane Katrina*第三十二篇 Mind-reading Machine*第三十三篇Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites forRadioactive Waste*第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses*第三十五篇 Putting Plants to Work*第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning*第三十七篇 Dont Drink Alone Gets New Meaning*第三十八篇 Longer Lives for Wild Elephants（2011理工B阅读真题）-2012版教材改为Life Form Found on Saturns Titan*第三十九篇 Clone Farm*第四十篇 Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific -2012版教材改为Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety【理工类教材完形填空篇目录】第一篇 Captain Cook Arrow Legend第二篇 Avalanche and Its Safety ,第三篇 What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe（2011理工C完形真题）-2012版教材改为Germs on Banknotes第四篇 Animals Sixth Sense第五篇 Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind第六篇 Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely第七篇 An Intelligent Car第八篇 A Biological Clock笫九篇 Wonder Webs第十篇 Less Is More -2012版教材改为Chicken Soup for the Soul: ComfortFood Fights Loneliness*笫十一篇 China to Help Europe Develop GPS Rival -2012版教材改为ClimateChange Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities*第十二篇 Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens（2011理工B完形真题）-2012版教材改为Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize HeartRisk第三篇 Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China,pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the UnitedStates, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but thesecountries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1:Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years.At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germsliving on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researcherscompared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat inAustralia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found onmoney 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total;all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets streetvendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria - nomore than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most - about100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would notcause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isnt made from paper. The U. S. dollar,for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countriesmay use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currenciesstudied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made fromcotton. Others were made from polymers.The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed onpolymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar andsome Mexican pesos.The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewergerms lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 havea harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do morestudies to understand how germs live on money-and whether or not weneed to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs Weshould wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where yourmoney s been. Or whats living on it词汇：pesos/pi:svs/ n 比索 bacterium /kktirim/ n细菌（单数）germ/d:m/ n病菌 bacteria /bktiri细菌（复数）banknote/bknvt/ n纸币 centimeter/senti,mi:t。/ n厘米microbiologist /,maikrv,baildist/n.微生 polymer/plim / n. 高分子聚合物物学家 harbor/ha:b/ v怀有，藏有vendor/vendI/n小贩注释：1.have one thing in common ：有一个共同点2. well over ：大大超过3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大学的食品微生物学家，他率领一个全球研究小组对至少10个国家的纸币展开了分析。他的研究结果是：相对于比较落后贫穷的国家，富裕发达国家的纸币所携带的病菌较少。重要的是，世界各地纸币上的病菌数量都没有达到令人担心的程度。研究还发现纸币使用的年限和材质对纸币的污染程度也有影响。4. University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亚巴拉瑞特大学。该校建立于1994年，位于维多利亚省的巴拉瑞特市。5. after all：毕竟练习:1. A coins B money C cheques D loans2. A different B clean C hard D foreign3. A anniversary B year C decade D century4. A along B with C within D outside5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces6. A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed7. A because B though C when D where8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper9. A languages B colors C substances D materials10. A family B team C advisor D boss11. A expenses B banks C statements Dcurrencies12. A nearly B mostly C likely D merely13. A dirt B water C germs D oil14. A compare B connect C conduct D command15. A arms B hands C face D clothes答案与题解:1.B 冒号后面说的是各国使用钱币的名称:“yuan in China ，pesos inMexico，pounds in the United Kingdom ，dollars in the United States，Aus往alia and New Zealand” ，所以填人的词必 定与这些钱币有关，而且应该是钱币的总括词。因此选 money 最为恰当。coins 是“硬币”，cheques 是“支票” ，loans是“贷款”，它们都不会是答案。2.A 本题的句子说的是:虽然各国使用的纸币各不相同，它们有一个共同点，那就是纸币上 有病菌。四个选项中 different 是答案。3.D 选century 最合理。选 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合逻辑。4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本题的线索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究与以前的科学家的研究不同，他比较了各国钱币上的病菌数量， 在他之前的科学家的研究范围局限于一个国家的纸币。四个选项中只有 within 表达“在(一个国家)里”的意思。5. A 经过第四题选词的思索过程，本题的形容词很自然会在 different 之后用countries，指不同的国家。6. C 上一句说 Vriesekoop 比较不同国家纸币携带病菌的数量。本题的句子明确指出他对比 的纸币涉及十个国家。四个选项中只有 gathered (收集)与上下文的意思相匹配。7. A 填词所在的句子与前面的主句存在因果关系。为什么要从食品店和食品摊收集纸币呢?因为这些地方常要用现金支付。本题答案是 because。8. C fabric 是“织物”，其制作原料不会是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡胶)。选paper 也不对， 因为本句是说明纸币的制作原料通常不是纸。制作 fabric 的原料是cotton( 棉花)，这是合乎常理的。而且该段倒数第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。9.D 本段说纸币的材料一般不是纸，通常是用棉花织物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以选择materials( 材料、原料)是正确的。10. B 本题应当选 team。与 family (家庭成员)，advisor (顾问)或 boss (老板)合作研究不是 没有可能，但总有些离谱。与团队合作研究比较合理。11. D 本段第二句提供了线索，它列出三种纸币，即 the Australian dollar ，theNew Zealanddollar 和 some Mexican pesos。选 currencies 是最合理的。另外三个选项都不合适; expenses是“支出”，banks 是“银行” ，statements 是“账单”。12. B 本题只有选 mostly，上下文意思才连贯。13. C 前一句说用高分子聚合物制作的钱币含菌数量较少。本题的句子接着分析说，在高分子聚合物上存活较难。谁存活较难？当然是病菌。本题答案是germs0dirt, water 和oil 是非生物，不存在生存的问题。14.A 四个选项填入句子后，句子成了： “compare/connect/conduct/command theamounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills”, 很明显；connect （连接）/conduct （实施）/command（控制）amounts of time是无法成立的。只有compare(比较）不同纸币上病菌存活的时间才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新课题。15. B人们通常是用手接触纸币的。所以接触纸币后要洗手。答案是hands。第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries1 according to a study in Psychological Science, theyre good for yourheart and 2 The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makespeople feel For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” saysJordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and leadauthor on the studyThe study came out of the research program of hiscoauthor Shira GabrielIt has 4 non-human things that may affecthuman emotionsSome people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or lookingat pictures of loved onesTroisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort foodcould have the same effect 6 making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fightwith someone close to themOthers were given an emotionally neutralwriting assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about theexperience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a newfood 9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions abouttheir levels of loneliness Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelyButpeople who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel lesslonely by writing about a comfort foodWe have found that comfort foodsare consistently associated with those close to ussays TroisiThinkingabout or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of thoseclose othersIn 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote aboutthe 13 of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment,14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships,but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodThis was aquestion they had been asked long before the experiment, along with manyother questions, so they wouldnt remember it. Throughout everyones dailylives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others,Troisi saysComfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness词汇：mashed /mt/ adj被捣成糊浆的macaroni/ macaroni/ n通心粉cheese / ti:z / n奶酪artery/ artery / n动脉assignment / sainmnt / n指定作业reminder / reminder/ n起提醒作用的东西remedy /remedy/ n治疗方法，药物virtual/v:tul/ adj虚拟的注释：1.comfort food：爽心食品2. graduate student：研究生3. The University of Buffalo：布法罗大学，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（Buffalo City) ，属于纽约州立大学，因此称为纽约州立大学水牛城分校。4. lead author：首席作者5. their nearest and dearest：他们最接近和最亲爱的人6. levels of loneliness：孤独程度7. only if: 只有（在情况下）8. Throughout everyones daily lives：在每一个人的日常生活中。through 有“贯穿”的意思。练习：1A but B if C though D while2A personality B movement C emotions D will3A privately B usefully C awfully D personally4A looked for B looked at C looked after D looked up5A favorite B trustful C boring D annoying6A with B on C by D at7A professors B participants C assistants D scientists8A group B class C section D part9A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally10A remember B explain C rewrite D complete11A sad B secure C shy D angry12A your B our C his D their13A accident B harm C experience D model14A eating B exchanging C buying D keepingl 5A expressions B estimation C cooperation D connections答案与题解：l. A本句前半句说土豆泥、通心粉等对血管有害（ bad) ，后半句说这些食物对心脏有利(good) 。很明显，前半句与后半句意思相反，所以要选转折连接词but加以连接。2. C 根据常识判断，吃土豆泥不会对personality （性格） .movement （移动）或will （意志力）产生有利影响。随后的文章，多处提到吃爽心食品（ favorite food）有助于排解孤独感。所以选emotions 是正确的。3.D本题的答案是personally0 For me personally （就我个人而言）与下文的意思很连贯。privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）与下文的意思搭不上，所以不会是答案。4. B 本题的答案是looked at0。“looked at non-human things” 相当于“studied（研究） nonhuman things”，与上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（寻找）、lookedafter （照顾）和lookedup（查找）与下文的意思搭配不上。5.A本句的意思是：人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起来。选项中有四个形容词，应该选哪一个形容词去修饰TV shows 呢？应该选褒义的形容词： favorite （喜爱的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但对电视剧来说谈不上信任的问题。favorite最合理，是本题答案。6. C 上一句说到，人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和喜爱的电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起来。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通过吃爽心食品让他们想起亲近的人，是不是也能产生同样的排解孤独感的效果呢？四个介词中只有by的词义是“通过”。其余三个介词在含义上都不合适。7.B 选professors（教授）、assistants（助手）或scientists（科学家）不合常理，科学家选实验对象时不会选他们。participants ( 参与者）是本题的答案。8.A本题应该选group，指每一组的参与者。用class （班级）, section （部门）或part （部分）在意义上显然都不合适。9. D 本段叙述试验的几个步骤。第一步要一部分受试者描写与亲人的争斗，其他受试者写情感上中性的话题。第二步（文中用then 加以连接）将上述两组受试者中的每一组再一分为二，一些人描写吃爽心食品的经历，另一些人描写吃新食品的经历。接下来应该是第三步了。从四个选项中寻找，只有Finally 最合适，原来第三步就是最后一步了。1O.D 实验的最后一步是受试者被要求书面回答10个问题。complete 是答案。要求他们remember（记住）、delete （删除）或rewrite （重写） questions 都不合乎逻辑。11. B 与亲近的人争吵会引发孤独感，但是，一般说来，人们的关系若是通常处于什么状态，通过写出他们吃爽心食物的经历会降低他们的孤独感呢？一定不会是sad、shy或angry ，答案应该是secure （稳定的）。12.D 修饰essays 的所有格代词在人称与数上要与they 一致，所以their 是答案。13. C “eating food with family and friends” 是一种experience （经历），不会是一个accident （事故）、harm （危害）或model （样式）。很明显， experience是本题的答案。14.A 文章中几次提到吃爽心食物有助于缓解孤独感。所以本题选eating 是很自然的。其他三个选项， exchanging （交换）、buying （买）或keeping （保留）若填入句子中，与后面的宾语chicken soup in the lab 连用，意思上说不通。15.D 本题的答案是connections。其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently byPatricia Romero LankaoShe is a sociologist specializing in climate changeand 2 developmentShe warns that many of the worlds fast-growingurban areas，especially in developing countrieswill likely suffer fromthe impacts of changing climateHer work also concludes that most citiesare failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse4 These gases are known to affect the atmosphere”Climate change isa deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities ofthe world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developingeffective strategies to 5 their residents. Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gasesAnd urbanpopulations are likely to be among those most severely affected by futureclimate change. Lankaos findings highlight ways in which city-residentsare particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that couldoffer immediate and longer-term 7 The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often placetheir populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 8associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather.Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat9 paved cities more than surrounding areasThe impacts of such naturalevents can be more serious in an urban environmentFor example，aprolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causingwidespread health problemsPoorer neighborhoods that may 10 basicfacilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，areespecially vulnerable to natural disastersMany residents in poorercountries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinkingwater，roads and basic services. Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect theirresidents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They dont imposeconstruction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioningneeds. They dont emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. Infact, many local governments are taking a handsoff approach.” Thus,she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strongsteps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.词汇：vulnerable / vlnrbl / adj 易受伤害的infrastructure / infr,strkt / n 基础设施sociologist /,susildist /n社会学家substandard / ,sbstndd / adj标准以下的dioxide / daiksaid / 二氧化物floodplain /fldplein / n 泛滥平原注释：1. likely：很可能，或许。在本句中用作副词。2. be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容词，用作表语。3. findings：调查结果4. storm surges：风暴潮5. paved cities：铺上沥青路面的城市6. spring up：涌现7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辞反应。这个词的意思是：（地方政府）话讲得很漂亮，但内容空洞。8. a hands-off approach：一种不插手的政策练习： 1A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back 2A economic B industrial C rural D urban 3A reduce B increase C study D measure4A crops B gases C fruits D Plant5 5A educate B evaluate C protect D identify 6A doubtful B possible C repeatable D major 7A uses B chances C cures D benefits 8A threats B interests C functions D differences 9A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildlyl0A provide B improve C lack D update11A without B with C in D on12A moreover B therefore C however D though13A other than B more than C less than D rather than14A train B automobile C bus D bike15A idle B smart C busy D secure答案与题解：1. C 本题的答案是carried out（执行；完成）。“A n