名词性从句讲义及综合练习.docx

空课讲义三答案名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面1.考查引导词that与what的区别2.考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法3.考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与nomatter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别4.考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题一、名词性从句的连接词主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接副词：when,where,how,why二、具体分类： 1.主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：1)Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。2)Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。3)WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。4)That the earth moves around the sun(地球围绕太阳转)isatruth.5)Whoever studies hard(任何努力学习的人)willpasstheexam.6)What I told you(我所告诉你的)justnowwaswhathadbeenwrittenintheletter.7)Whether I accept the gift or refuse it(我是接受礼物还是拒绝它)isnoneofyourbusiness.有时用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。常用句型如下：a. It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessary (important,obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.) that有必要/重要的是(从句用虚拟语气)b. It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelieved( said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc).that人们相信c.It+be+名词+that-从句Itiscommonknowledge( no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc).that是常识d.It+不及物动词+that-分句Itappears/ happens/ occurredtosb that似乎8).他没有想到Jack能够把这道题目做出来。Itdidntoccurtohimthat Jack could figure it out.9) .真奇怪你这样说。 Itisstrangethat you should say so.10).英语正被接受为国际的语言，这是事实。Itisafactthat English is regarded as an International language.2. 宾语从句作动词或介词的宾语1). Youcanwriteabout_(无论什么)topicyoulike. whatever2). Hemade_quiteclear_hewouldntchangehismind.it; that3). Youmaychoosefrom_(从剩下的东西中). what is left4). Idontdoubt_myfriendJohnwillcometoChinasoon. that5). Idoubt_hewillcomeornot.whether6). Idontthink_truethathecametotheconcertyesterday.it7). Shetoldherpupilsthattheearthisround.(不用was)8).Hesaid(that)hewouldspendhiswinterholidayinLondonthisyearandthatitwouldbethefirsttime hewouldspendhisholidayaloneabroad.规律总结：(1)主句的谓语是make,find,see,hear等，而且带有复合宾语时，可把宾语从句放在宾补之后，用it作形式宾语。(2)某些adj.如sure,happy,glad,certain等，以及一些非谓语动词之后可带宾从。(3)主句的谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语动词可以不受限制.主句的谓语动词如果是过去时,则宾语从句的谓语动词通常必须用过去的各种时态,这叫时态的一致性.但有两种情况不受事态一致性的约束,即宾语从句中有具体的时间或讲述的内容是真理、客观事实。(4) doubt的宾语从句：在否定句中用that，肯定句中用whether. (5) (5) 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例1) 3)(6)当一个动词带有两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that that从句一般不能充当介词宾语，偶尔可作except, in，but的宾语。如：Tom is a nice boy，except that he is sometimes late for school. 汤姆是个很棒的男孩，除了有时上学迟到。His request is unreasonablein thathe knows we cant afford it.他的要求是不合理的, 因为他知道我们负担不起。 宾语从句中的虚拟语气I insist that she (should) do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。规律总结：在demand，order，advise, recommend, propose, suggest，decide，insist，desire，request，command, require等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+动词原形”。3. 表语从句Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thatiswhyhedidntcometothemeeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看上去天要下雨了。Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning Shenzhenisnotwhat itwas10yearsago.规律总结：1. 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用asif引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+that从句。 2. that 不省略3. 需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。表语从句中的虚拟语气：在advice, suggestion, proposal, recommendation, demand, request, requirement, command, order等名词后面的表语从句中，句子要用虚拟语气。如：Mysuggestionisthatweshouldgivehimanotherchance.HerrequirementisthatsheshouldbesenttoTibettowork.4.同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，规律总结：可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.我不知道他什么时候回来。ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。Thequestionhowtheycouldgettheinformationwasbroughtforwardatthemeeting.ThegovernmentwarnedthattherumourthatanearthquakewouldhitHarbinwasnotbelievable.提示：下列名词如：advice, suggestion, proposal, recommendation, demand, request, requirement, command, order等用于同位语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气。即 should + do，should可省略Mysuggestionthatweshouldcollectmoneyforthepoorgirlhasbeentaken.My parents have approved of my request that I should go abroad to study.三、名词性从句中需要注意的几个问题1、whether/if(是否)引导的名词性从句whether和if的区别whether和if的区别whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whetherIt all depends on whether they will come back.后面直接跟or not时只能用whetherI didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.主语从句、表语从句中只能用whetherWhether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.在discuss后引导宾语从句时只能用whetherThey are discussing whether they should spare some money to help the victims. whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，而if不能We ought to discuss the question carefully whether we can do it or not.whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能The question of whether they are male or female is not important. I dont know whether to leave or not.2. what, whever，that引导的名词性从句“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is what my mother used to tell me.(2014浙江高考) (表语从句)“每次你吃糖的时候要喝点绿茶。”这是我妈妈过去常常告诉我的事情。Whoever wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.(主语从句)任何一个想要住旅店的人都必须自己付钱。We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.(宾语从句)我们承诺无论谁参加晚会，都有一次机会与这位电影明星合影。Whatever/No matter what you say, I will not believe you.(让步状语从句)What I can do now is go to sleep. All that I can do is go to sleep.The problem is that we dont have enough money.规律总结：1what引导名词性从句时，what在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语。而that不充当成分。2“疑问词ever”可引导名词性从句，在从句中要充当一定的成分。whoever与whatever表泛指，意为“无论谁”，“无论什么”；whichever表示在特定范围内选择，意为“无论的哪一个/哪一些”。3“疑问词ever”还可以引导让步状语从句。4“no matter疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校。(同位语从句，进一步解释the news的内容)The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing.你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望。(定语从句，它指的是“你昨天告诉我的那个消息”)I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）规律总结：1同位语从句是对前面名词的内容作进一步的解释、说明，引导词that只起引导作用，在句中不作任何成分，一般不可省略。2定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、限制，引导词在句中作一定的句子成分。名词性从句练习:语法填空:1. Every year, _ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. whoever 2. Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing _she was heading. where 3. We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _ it used to charge. what 4. She asked me _ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadnt. whether 5. Your support is important to our work. _ you can do helps. Whatever 6. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _ one can be entirely free from dust.that7.It is often the case _anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.that8. The manager put forward a suggestion _ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.that 9.You have to know _ youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting there. where10.I truly believe _beauty comes from within.that 11.A ship in harbor is safe, but thats not _ ships are built for.what12. If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branched hidden in the water.what 13.We must find out _ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.when14.The exhibition tells us we should do something to stop air pollution. why15. Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.what 16I wonder _ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.By working out every day.how17. _we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.How18. Exactly_ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.When19. I think _ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.what 20.It is difficult for us to imagine_ life was like for slaves in the ancient world. what 21. Among the many dangers sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. which 22. What a mess! You are always so lazy!Im not to blame, mum. I am _ you have made me. what 23. It remains to be seen the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice.whether24.After_seemedlikehourshecameoutwithabittersmile.What25.In1492,Columbusreached_isnowcalledAmerica. What单句改错1.【误】 That he really means is what he doesnt agree with us. That改为What2. 【误】 The news which our team had won pleased everyone. which改为that3 【误】 The reason why he failed in the exam was because he was too careless. because改为that4. 【误】 If he is an engineer is unknown. If 改为Whether5. 【误】 What he needs is enough time and what I need is enough books. 第二个is 改为are6.【误】 Ill make known to all that you were not honest. make后加it7. 【误】 My suggestion is that we will learn more words by heart. Will改为should8.When and where we shall have the lecture are not decided.are改为is9.This is a fact that English is widely used as an international language.This改为It10. What the earth moves around the sun is known to all.What改为That 完形填空 In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one.The_1_is that countries around the world have growing mountains of _2_because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before. How did we_3_a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to_4_an object than to spend time and money to repair it._5_modern manufacturing (制造业) and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and_6_ Another cause is our_7_of disposable (一次性的) products.As_8_people, we are always looking for_9_to save time and make our lives easier.Companies_10_thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few. Our appetite for new products also_11_to the problem. We are_12_buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that_13_is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we_14_useful possessions to make room for new ones. All around the world, we can see the_15_of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.To_16_the amount of rubbish and to protect the_17_， more governments are requiring people to recycle materials._18_， this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem. Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions_19_throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about_20_Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.【分析】文章主要讲的是堆积如山的垃圾给环境带来的影响。随着社会的发展，人们倾向于扔掉用旧了的东西，以新物品取而代之。而且，包装盒等一次性产品给人们带来方便的同时，也给环境带来很大的压力。1A.key Breason Cproject Dproblem【解析】句意：关键是世界各国日益堆积如山的垃圾。A.答案；B.原因；C.项目；D.问题。根据第二行“the world.”可知，出现的问题是垃圾堆积如山，故选D。 【答案】D2A.gifts Brubbish Cdebt Dproducts【解析】句意：因为人们扔掉垃圾比以往任何时候都多。考查上下文逻辑关系。根据下文中的throwing out more rubbish可知。 【答案】B3A.faceBbecomeCobserveDchange【解析】句意：我们如何成为一个一次性的社会？考查动词辨析。 【答案】B4A.hideBcontrolCreplaceDwithdraw【解析】句意：首先，现在我们可以更容易地替换一个对象要比花时间和金钱来修复它更容易。 【答案】C5A.Thanks to BAs toCExcept for DRegardless of【解析】句意：由于现代制造业和技术，公司能够迅速而廉价地制造产品。 考查介词短语辨析。A.幸亏；由于；B.至于；关于；C.除之外；D.不顾；不管。 【答案】A6A.safe Bfunny Ccheap Dpowerful【解析】句意：产品丰富多样并且廉价。 考查形容词辨析。A.安全的；B.滑稽可笑的；D.强大的；强有力的；均不符合题意。 【答案】C7A.love Black Cprevention Ddivision【解析】句意：一次性的另一个原因是我们的爱(一次性的)产品。考查名词辨析。B.缺乏；C.预防；阻碍；D.部门；分割。 【答案】A8A.sensitive BkindCbrave Dbusy【解析】句意：对于忙碌的人而言，我们一直在寻找方法来节省时间，让我们的生活更容易。 考查生活常识。A.敏感的；B.和蔼的；C.勇敢的。 【答案】D9A.waysBplaces Cjobs Dfriends【解析】句意：见8题。way to do sth为固定搭配。【答案】A10A.donate Breceive Cproduce Dpreserve【解析】句意：公司生产成千上万的不同种类的一次性产品，如纸盘子，塑料杯，照相机，等等。 考查逻辑关系。A.捐赠；B.收到；D.保护；维持。 【答案】C11A.adapts BreturnsCrespondsDcontributes【解析】句意：我们的新产品需求也导致一些问题。 考查固定短语搭配。A.适应；改编；B.返回；回复；C.对做出反应。D.contribute to “有助于；导致”。 【答案】D12A.tired of Baddicted toCworried about Dashamed for【解析】句意：我们热衷于购买新东西。考查固定短语搭配。A.对厌倦；B.对上瘾；迷恋于；C.担心；D.为感到惭愧。 【答案】B13A.newer BstrongerChigher Dlarger【解析】句意：广告说服我们：越新越好。我们会更乐于使用最新产品。 考查生活常识。 【答案】A14A.pick up Bpay forChold ontoDthrow away【解析】句意：结果是，我们扔掉有用的东西，为新的物品腾出空间。 考查上下文逻辑关系。A.捡起；学会；B.付款；赔偿；C.紧紧抓住，抓住不放；保持住；D.扔掉，丢弃。 【答案】D15A.advantages BpurposesCfunctionsDconsequences【解析】句意：在世界各地，我们可以看到这种一次性生活方式的后果。考查名词辨析。A.优势；优点；B.目的；C.功能；D.后果；结果。 【答案】D16A.show BrecordCdecreaseDmeasure【解析】句意：为了减少垃圾，保护环境，越来越多的政府要求人们回收材料。考查动词辨析。A.显示；表明；B.记录；记载；C.减少；D.测量；权衡。 【答案】C17A.technology Benvironment CconsumersDbrands【解析】句意：见16题。 考查上下文逻辑关系。由文章最后的take care of our environment可知。 【答案】B18A.However BOtherwiseCThereforeDMeanwhile【解析】句意：然而，这并不足以解决我们的问题。 考查副词辨析。A.可是；然而；B.否则； C否则；D.与此同时。 【答案】A19A.by Bin favour ofCafter Dinstead of【解析】句意：我们需要修复我们的财产而不是丢弃。 考查介词和介词短语辨析。D.instead of代替，而不是。 【答案】D20A.spending BcollectingCrepairing Dadvertising【解析】句意：我们还需要重新思考我们对消费的态度。 考查逻辑关系。由上文可知。 【答案】A短文改错Dear Jack, Welcome to my school! Upon your arrival, there will be a party for you organizing by my classmates. You may attend to English classes to feel a differently learning style. After that, you can go to your host family that you can experience the Chinese way of life. You can have meals together chatting about whatever interest you. The host family will also show you off some famous scenic spots. You can see people selling kites everywhere because our city was home to kitesThere are varieties of kites to choose. So isnt that a good idea to buy some for your friends? Write to me unless you have any questions about the scheduleYours, Li Hua【解析】【分析】李华在信中告诉Jack来中国之后的学习和生活安排。1.organizingorganized. 考查动词形式。根据句中主语you和动词organize的关系以及by my classmates可知此处是被动形式，表示“被组织”，故organizingorganized.2.attend后去掉to. 考查动词用法。attend“参加”是及物动词后面直接加宾语，此处指参加英语课，故attend后去掉to.3.differentlydifferent. 考查形容词。此处修饰名词learning style要用形容词，指不同的学习风格，故differentlydifferent.4.thatwhere. 考查定语从句。句中包含定语从句，先行词是host family在定语从句中做状语，指在中国家庭感受中国式生活，要用关系副词where，故erestinterests. 考查动词形式。句中主语是whatever是单数形式动词也要用单数，故interestinterests.6.offaround.考查固定短语。 showaround“带领某人参观”，此处指带领你参观景点，故offaround. 7.wasis. 考查时态。 全文是现在时，此处是客观事实要用现在时，故wasis.8.choose后加from. 考查介词。此处指从各种风筝中选择，故choose后加fom.9.thatit. 考查形式主语。不定式to buy some for your friends在句中是真正主语，用il做形式主语，故thatit.10.unlessif/when. 考查连词。句意：如果对时间表有问题写信给我冷有问题时写信给我。根据句意unlessif/when.语法填空:China will allow all couples to have two children，_1_(give) up i