大学英语B考点总结及例题(2).doc

大学英语B语法考点总结及例题（2） 二 定语从句和状语从句总结大学英语B的几套语法试题，可以看出考查热点主要集中在以下几个方面：虚拟语气，定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词形式、倒装、主谓一致、倍数和时态。我们这一讲主要集中在定语从句及状语从句及强调句。（一）定语从句定语从句的考查热点集中在定语从句的关系代词的选择上。大家首先要掌握好定语从句的基本结构。定语从句：先行词 关系代词，副词 作用人 that, who, whom 主语，宾语，表语 物，时间， that, which 主语，宾语，表语 地点，原因 人物 whose 定语时间 when 状语地点 where 状语原因 why 状语The manager, who was a very nice man from Milan, made us feel very welcome. 在本句中，the manger 是定语从句的修饰对象，叫做先行词，红色标示的who在从句中代替the manger，叫做关系代词。除此以外，关系代词分为两类，指代人的whom, that，指代物的which, that， 还有代替时间和地点的关系副词when和where。表示所有关系的whose。除此以外复合关系代词what，whatever, whoever, whomever. 关系定语有以下几个考查热点：考点一 表示所有关系的whose.The receptionist, _ job was to answer the phone, had laryngitis.(喉炎) A. whose B who C whos D that 所有关系，因此选择A. 考点二 选择关系副词。关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词，如time, day等，则用when，如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place, house, area等，则用where；如先行词为reason，则用why。例如： Ill never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.注意：选项中如果没有where, 也可以用in which. I dont know the reason why (for which) he did that. 考点三当先行词是all, something, nothing等不定代词时；或先行词前有first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no等词修饰时；或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，一般只用that而不用which来引导定语从句。例如：Ive explained everything (that) I can to you. This is the most beautiful campus (that) Ive ever been to.考点四 which 以及as 来引导定语从句。 Which 用来引导非限制性定语从句。除此以外，which 可以代替整个句子。As也有这样的用法。这时，一般用which或as来引导定语从句。Which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等，as在从句中一般只充当主语。which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于：which只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比较灵活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。 例如：1. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, _ is known to all.A which B that C who D whose 选A. which 代替的是前面整个句子，放在句中。而本句也可以用as. 2. He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.3. As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十项全能) at that Olympic Games.正如大家期望的那样，他在那届我奥运会上拿到了十项全能冠军。As 代替整个句子，放在句首。考点五复合性关系代词what, whatever whoever whomever 等, 这类词被称为复合性关系代词，是先行词和关系代词共同构成的复合词。What= anything that whatever=anything that whoever=anyone who Whomever=anyone whom whenever=anytime when wherever=anyplace where 补充例句：例如：二 状语从句状语从句考查点主要集中在状语从句的引导词的选择上，下面是状语从句的分类及引导词。1) 时间状语从句时间状语从句连词：when, while, as（当时候）, before, after, since（自从）, until, as soon as 有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句。如instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment等。例如： Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened. The day he returned home, his grandpa was already dead.2) 条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, as (so), only if (只要)。 as long as（只要）例如： If you dont come on time, well start out without you. As (so) long as you keep on trying, youll certainly succeed. 除了以上提到的从属连词外，还有其它的一些词或词组也可引导条件状语从句。例如：providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case等。例如：Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, he will be able to win the election. 如果他赢得了多数团体的支持，他就能够取得胜利。3）原因状语从句n 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, now(that), in that, considering that， since（既然）, as（由于）, for等。例如：n Since the speaker cant come, well have to cancel the meeting.n in that和now (that) 的用法：in that引导的从句对主句进行解释的说明，意思是：在方面，在于；因为。Now (that) 表示既然。例如：n Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice. 理论有价值在于它能为实践提供方向。In that 引导原因状语从句。n Now (that) the weather has improved, lets go out for a picnic. 4）引导让步状语从句的从属连词有though, although(虽然，尽管), even if/ even though（即使）, whatever, wherever, whenever， as, no matterdespite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while。例如： Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the weather is rough.Despite the fact that there exist national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal. 一些疑问词在词尾加上ever后，也可引导让步状语从句相当于no matter疑问词。这些词包括：whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however。例如： Whatever he says, dont believe him. Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic regulations.5）引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so . that（以便,为了）， in order to/that, lest, in case, for fear that。例如：They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a birds-eye view of the city. Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them. Take an umbrella in case it rains. so that和in order that的区别：so that更常用，in order that更正式。so that 引导的从句一般置于句末，而in order that引导的从句既置于句首，又可置于句末。例如： In order that the grass and flowers could bloom again, it was necessary that the rocks should be removed. She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 6）结果状语从句结果状语从句一般由下列连词引导：so that（结果是）, so . that, such . that （如此以至于）例如： He overslept, (so) that he was late for work. They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. sothat和suchthat的区别。so后接形容词或副词，such后接名词。例如： It was so cold that we had to cancel the game. Its such a good chance that we mustnt miss it.7)比较状语从句：than, as . as, not so/as . as8)地点状语从句：where, wherever 三 强调句 在说话或写文章时，我们有时候要突出或强调某个词、词组或从句，这时就要用强调结构。强调句型的表达法一般包括以下几种情况：1. 当句子的主语、宾语、状语需要强调时，强调句型为：it is (was) + 被强调部分that (who)句中其他部分。强调结构为：It is (was)that。它可以用来强调句中的某些成分，如主语（从句）、宾语（从句）、状语（从句）等。如强调主语或宾语，则that可用who（指人），whom或which（指物）来代替；如强调的是状语，则不能用when, where等代替，只能用that。注意，强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语。例如： It was my uncle that (who) sent me the parcel. It is the article that they discussed last week. It was because he was too careless that he broke all the glasses. It is in this room that I was born 30 years ago.It was with great joy he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home.A. howB. because C. asD. that2. It is (was) not until.that也为强调句的一种，意思是“直到才”。 并列句：用并列连词连接两个或两个以上的简单句叫并列句构成：简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句1） and 意为 “和，并且”， 表示顺延和并列关系Work hard, and you can pass the exam.2) but 意为 “但是”，表示转折关系 He is rich but he is not happy.3) or意为 “否则，或”表示选择关系 Hurry up，or youll be late.4) so 意为 “所以，因此，于是”，表示因果关系 Kate was ill so she didnt go to school.5) for 意为 “因为”，表示