名人名言中的修辞格.doc

名人名言中的修辞格写作不仅要词语、语法正确，而且要语言准确、简明、生动、得体。俗话说：“三分姿质，七分打扮。”写作也是如此，巧妙运用各种修辞格式，会使你的作文语言文采焕然，瑰丽多姿。以下是常用的修辞格。希望读者通过学习能恰当地运用修辞手段来丰富自己的表达，加深语言功底。第一节 语音修辞1头韵(Alliteration) 头韵是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词，简明生动，起到突出重点，加深印象，平衡节奏，宣泄感情的作用。例如：No sweat, no sweet.I promise I willfinish the taskwith might and main.Agoodfameisbetterthanagoodface.Spare the rod, spoil the child.Penny wise, pound foolish.Good books are childrens real companions, and they are both instructive and inspiring.He is usually sensible but sometimes sensitive.2尾韵(Consonance)尾韵是指相同词尾辅音在一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现，具有悦耳的节奏感。例如：Freedom is the last and best hope of earth. Abraham LincolnYou can drive a car, but it doesnt follow that you know the nuts and bolts of the engine.3半谐音（Assonance）半谐音也可称 “元韵”或“类韵”。 是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中几个相邻词的元音相似或相同但是前后辅音不同重复出现，它具有音乐的节奏感，可增强语言的表现力。例如：All roads lead to Rome. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.4谐缀(Homoeotoleuton)谐缀是指利用词组或句子尾词中相同或相似后缀音构成的语音修辞格，放在诗歌中的句尾就是通常我们所说的押韵。例如：Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富裕又聪明。 Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林 5拟声（Onomatopoeia）拟声是指利用词的发音模仿人、动物或其他事物声音特点的辞格。它可以使语音生动、形象、逼真。拟声中多用名词、动词或副词。I can hear the water splashing, the bees humming, and the frogs croaking. The audience cheered and clapped.The steam escaped with a loud hissing noise.Over 150 persons were killed in the air crash inJapan according to the latest CNN News.I heard the clocks ticktack, and time went by.The little girl giggled when she saw the funny clown.She banged her knee against a table.The frogs were croakingin the pond while the dogs were barking in the yard.The ice cracked as I stepped onto it.The door creaked open.Engines were chugging away beside the wells.He whispered me what had happened. He flopped down the bag and ran to help us.That bird is flying. I can see its wings flapping.The angry husband shut the door with a bang.第二节 语义修辞 1明喻 (Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though 等。例如： Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活而无目标，犹如航海之无指南针。 J. Ruskin 鲁斯金 I like the dreams of the future better than the history of the past. 我不缅怀过去的历史，而致力于未来的梦想。 T. Jefferson2暗喻 (Metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 Benjamin Franklin富兰克林 Deathis no more than passing from one room into another.死亡只不过是从一个房间进入另一个房间。Helen Keller Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. 知识是一宝库，而实践就是开启宝库大门的钥匙。Fuller All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players. William Shakespeare3 转喻 (Metonymy) 转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。例如： I am drinking Nestle.I wont let my heart rule my head.Will Mozart be played at the concert?The college students live in the ivory tower.It is said that he ruled the company with an iron fist.His wallet would not allow him that luxury. He succeeded to the crown in 1848.I enjoyed reading Tagore especially in such a lovely season like early spring.Grey hairs should be respected.Beneath the rule of men entirely great, the pen is mightier than the sword.She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.Everything goes perfect except the last beat.He is found of the bottle.4 提喻 (Synecdoche)提喻是用部分代全体或用全体代部分。They say theres bread and work for all. She was dressed in silk.A hand is needed in our workshop.Two heads are better than one.He toiled all day long to earn his bread.It was reported that Korea beat China in a soccer game yesterday.Class 1 is superior to Class 2 in the crossword games.Italy beat France in the World Cup FinalsHe has to work hard because he has got five mouths to feed.There wasnt a sail in sight.Great minds think alike.5 移就 (Transferred epithet)移就指的是作为修饰语的形容词与被修饰语没有逻辑关系，但起到了通感的作用。其特点是把人的感觉沟通用于描摹客观事物形象，表现主观心理感受。例如：He lay in bed, smoking his thinking pipe.They are in deep friendship.They had to bear pitiless wind at night.There was a short thoughtful silence.An expensive failure can be made into an asset if youve learnt from it.People listened with open-mouthed astonishment while the shocking news sank in.He closed his busy life at the age of 80.The moment he saw us, he gave us a sunny smile.The photo recorded many hopeful eyes of the small village.This is the cheapest market in this country.The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. The old man lay all night on his sleepless bed.The question was met with an awkward silence.6通感（Synaesthesia） 通感是指在日常经验里，视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味觉往往可以彼此打动或交通，眼、耳、舌、鼻、身各个官能的领域可以不分界限。例如：The flowers smell sweet.She said “Hello” to me with a sweet smile.She has a soft voice.7 拟人 (Personification) 拟人是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物上，使之人格化的修辞格。运用“拟人”可以使抽象的事物具体化，使无生命的东西活跃起来，增强语言的鲜明性、形象性和生动性。例如：Love rules his kingdom without a sword. 爱，统治了他的王国，不用一枝利剑。 Herbert 赫伯特 Time and tide wait for no man. 时间不等人。 Scott 斯科特 8拟物(Zoosemy) 同拟人相反，拟物是把人当成物来描写，包括描写成动物、植物、无生命物、抽象概念等。 例如：He is a wolf in sheeps clothes. She is shedding crocodile tears. “A lucky dog you are!” exclaimed John. He is a bookworm. Children are flowers of our country.9夸张 (Hyperbole)夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，借以突出事物的某种特征或品格，鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。用于描写可以使形象更生动突出，渲染气氛，烘托意境，给读者留下深刻、鲜明的印象。例如： John was mad for the great achievement he had made in IBM.One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters.Some movie stars wear their sunglasses even in churches; theyre afraid that God might recognize them and ask for autograph.His words made my blood freeze.10 双关（Pun）双关是指同形异义词(homonym)或同音异义(homophone)词的巧妙使用，是一种文字游戏。它的效果是使语言生动幽默。例如：The blind man can always see his father because the father is apparent (a parent).Seven days without water make one weak (week). A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms.Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. When Tom asked whether I had missed the football match yesterday, I said that I missed my girlfriend.Coke refreshes you like no other can. (advertisement)All is well that ends well. (cigarette advertisement)From sharp minds, come Sharp products. (Sharp advertisement)11曲言（Litotes） 曲言是通过否定反面来表达肯定的意思, 也叫间接肯定法。例如：This is no small (a big) problem.He was a man of no mean wealth. (He was quite rich.)Its no laughing matter. (Its a serious matter.)Todays homework is no easy (difficult) to finish.It is not right (wrong) to mock at cripples.12仿拟（Parody） 仿拟是根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语，临时更换其中的某个部分，造成新的成语或谚语；或者根据古今名言警句，在保持其原句不变的情况下，更换其中部分词语，这种修辞方式叫仿拟。例如： When in China, do as Chinese do. (When in Rome, do as Romans do.)Where there is a friend, there is a favor. (Where there is a will, there is a way.) Where there isa wish, there is a dream. Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit.Better late than the late. （A slogan on a US highway“晚了总比完了好” , from “Better late than never”）Out of classroom, out of control. (Out of sight, out of mind.)Fame and fortune wait for no man. (Time and tide wait for no man.)13矛盾修辞法 (Oxymoron) 矛盾修辞法是修饰语和被修饰语具有两种不相调和，甚至截然相反的特征。这种方法在矛盾中寻求哲理，语言精炼简洁，富有哲理，并产生强大的逻辑力量，产生一种出人意料，引人入胜的效果。例如： He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay. He met his son with painful pleasure.To me, you are a familiar stranger.It is said that a public forbidden castle has been built up in that country.The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.I wont say “yes” and I wont say “No”, but Im giving you a definite “Maybe”.an expected accident/surprisebusy idleness virtual reality old news14隽语（Paradox）隽语是指似非而是，表达一个意味深长的意思的修辞格。例如：A man of great wisdom often seems slowwitted.A friend who always compliments you is not a true friend.What important is not the length of the life, but the width of the life.15委婉(Euphemism)委婉是用较委婉、文雅的方法去表达不体面的事的修辞格。例如：The boy used to take things without permission (steal things).Im afraid she cant act that partshe is a little on the plump side (fat).He wasnt embarrassed by her low-income（poverty, and decided to marry her soon. Jackson, a black brought up in the inner city (slum), ran swiftly along the track and beat all the others. Jack is regarded as a slow (foolish) student in our class.His father went to the heaven (died) yesterday.One of his ears can not hear the sound (is deaf).landscape architect (gardener)soul sister (black woman)sanitation engineer (garbage man) the disadvantaged (the poor) industrial action (strike) 16拈连（Zeugma）甲乙两个事物连在一起叙述时，把本来只适用于甲事物的词语拈来用到乙事物上，这种修辞手法就叫拈连。例如： She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.Fred excelled at sports; Harvey at eating; Tom with girls. With one mighty swing he knocked the ball through the window and two spectators off their chairs. He lost his coat and his temper.This suit fits the man and the times.She rose from the table agitated, and went home straightly, in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.Old people gathered in the hall for reunion and a hot lunch.Ten minutes later, the coffee and the commander arrived simultaneously.17 同源(Paregmenon) 同源指词汇中音义相关、由同一语源派生的词。例如：Cowards die many times before their deaths. 懦夫在未死之前，已身历多次死亡的恐怖了。 Julius Caesar 凯撒 18 对比(Contrast) 对比是把对立的意思或事物、或把事物的两个方面放在一起作比较，让读者在比较中分清好坏、辨别是非。例如：A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 手中的一只鸟胜于林中的两只鸟。 Heywood 希伍德 . A great man is always willing to be little. 伟大的人物总是愿意当小人物的。 R. W. Emerson 爱默生 That is the essence of science: ask an impertinent question, and you are on the way to the pertinent answer. 科学的本质是：问一个不恰当的问题，于是走上了通往恰当答案的路。 Jacob Bronowski 第三节 话语结构修辞1松散句(Loose sentence)松散句是把主要的思想放在句子开头直接陈述，把次要的思想作为补充放在后面的一种句式。英语中常见的句子为松散句。这种辞格可使句子意义一目了然，容易使读者抓住重点。例如:You can not make great progress in English without good study habits.Beauty is powerful no matter how we argue against it or pretend to be immune.He will become a doctor when he grows up.You had better reserve your seats today if you want to watch the game.Dont lose heart when youre faced with anything difficult to deal with.The course was not very difficult, although I didnt receive a high grade.Never hesitate to ask questions when you dont understand.He was sitting before the fire in a large armchair when we entered. 2 掉尾句(Periodic sentence)与松散句相反，掉尾句是把次要的思想放在句子开头，把主要的思想放在后面的一种句式。掉尾句能制造悬念，使读者的兴趣和注意力保持到最后，使用掉尾句是一种有效的强调方法。例如:Unable to join the others at the dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a movie.Despite heavy winds and nearly impenetrable ground fog, the plane landed safely.If you are happy in helping others, you will get help easily.When you go to an important business lunch, where you must present a neat, efficient controlled image, dont order spaghetti. No matter how hard the employees, their boss can always find something he is not satisfied with.If you want to learn advanced science and technology from foreign countries, you must have a good command of at least one foreign language.When we talk about someones personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.If you spend too much time playing video games, you will fail in your examination. Though high education will lay a good foundation for our future career, we still have to keep learning so as to remain competitive in our future job.3 倒装（Inversion）倒装是把句子中的某一成分放在开头或结尾以达到强调的效果。例如:Not untilyesterday did I know her name.Woman as she is, she is braver than any man.At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.Not until he had completed the task did he find himself ill.Out they rushed because of the earthquake.Seldom did Tony tell me the real truth.Never have I read such an interesting book.In came a man with a white beard.4 平行 (Parallelism)平行是指在一个句子或一组句子中重复使用相同的或相似的话语结构，即词、短语、从句等保持平行是句子有平衡感、节奏感和清晰感。例如: Easy come, easy go. 易得者亦易失。 Hazlitt赫斯特 5 对偶 (Antithesis)对偶是将字数相等、结构相同或相似的两个词组或句子成对地排列起来的修辞法。对偶的句式看起来整齐美观，读起来节奏铿锵，便于记诵。例如:A wise person controls others; a foolish person is controlled by others.Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.United we stand, divided we fall.6反复(Repetition)反复是把词、词组、从句等进行有意识的重复，以达到强调的效果。例如:He improved himself just for his family; he did his job with effort just for his family; he sacrificed himself in the war not for the country but for his family.Well work for freedom; well fight for freedom; well die for freedom.The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do.Were convinced that well defeat the enemies. Were convinced that well be brave and overcome all the difficulties and risks on our way forward. We are convinced that well attain this goal.7 语句间隔反复（Epanalepsis）语句间隔反复是指句末重复句首的词。因为句子的首尾是强调部分，所以首尾重复能引起读者的注意。例如:Weapons call more weapons.Money is not the most important thing in the world, but we cant do without money.Think before you take action, but after you have done it, dont think.Do what you want to do; love whom your heart tells you to love.Like knows likeYou should not bite the hand that feeds you.Nothing could I do, so I did nothing.Some people are still alive when they are dead; but some people are dead when they are still alive. 8 排比 (Anaphora) 首语重复法是指同一单词和短语重复出现在连续数句、数段或数行诗的开头。例如:We can learn from our grandparents because they might have experienced what we are facing to. We can learn from our parents because they are models standing in front of us. We can learn from our brothers and sisters because we always do the same thing and get different results. We can learn from our friends because a friend in need is a friend indeed. Even we can learn from the children because they have the most purest heart in the world.9 回环（Antimetabole） 回环是颠倒重复词的次序起加强或对比作用的修辞格。它的结构是ABBA。例如:Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. J. F. KennedyOther men live to eat, while I eat to live. 别人为食