四级八级复习指导——欧洲文化入门.doc

四级八级复习指导欧洲文化入门（一）Lecture 1I. Do you know these?v 1.(Even) Homer sometimes nods. v 2.Achilles heelv 3.Apple of Discord v 1. Even the most skilled and trustworthy people do not always produce work of the highest quality.v 2.the fatal weak pointv 3.the origin of disagreementAchilles storyv Achillesv Peleus（希神珀琉斯） & Thetis（希神西蒂斯(海神Nereus的女儿), a sea nymphv Thetis wanted to make her son invincible by dipping him into the Styx（(环绕地狱的河)冥河）v But she neglected Achilles heel by which she held himv Killed by ParisStory of the Golden Applev The wedding ceremony of Thetis & Peleusv The goddes of discord, Eris（厄里斯(不和女神)）, was not invited, hence, angryv Golden apple: to the most beautiful womanv Hera, Athena, Aphrodite （阿芙罗狄蒂(爱与美的女神)）v Paris, prince of Troyv Hellen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta（梅内莱厄斯：特洛伊战争期间的斯巴达王）v The Trojan Warv II. Historical development of Ancient Greece 1. The Aegean（爱琴海） culture (-20 C.-7C.) Cretan Civilization (-20C-13C): the Minoans（(古希腊)克里特文明）; linear writing; Non- Indo-European language Mycenaean Civilization (-12C) （迈锡尼文明）: the Akhaians, real ancestors of Greeks; Indo-European language The Trojan War (-1200 -1170 B.C. ): Troy & alliance of Greek states The Dorians（多里安人） from the north of mainland Greece, still babarian tribes, occupied most of the Peloponnesus 2. Dark Age (-11C -8C) Period 1050-750 poorly known, called Dark Ages when there were few historical records left. Kings ruled non-urban Greek communities during Dark Ages At end of the period aristocracy（贵族政治） began to throw out kings, take over management of the community In the late Dark Ages the Greeks began to form urban centers around a citadel (fortress). These centers are called poleis (singular polis). They were well established by the eighth century The polis (city state) （城邦） is the characteristic Greek political institution of the Classical period3. Archaic Period (-8 -7C) poverty of the land & overpopulation Colonization A huge period of migration from about 750- 550 The basic procedure: A city colonists an independent new settlement overseas Sometimes the new city would maintain ties with the metropolis (lit. mother city), though sometimes colonies would become antagonistic to the metropolis. Most colonies were on the coast and generally only took over the immediate area, the interior being left to the locals. 4. Classical Greece (-6-4C) A splendid Greek urban civilization. By Greek culture, we mainly refer to the culture of classical Greece (that started around -800), especially of Athens. Classical Greece is the source from which many of the characteristic elements of Western culture derive, and therefore it makes sense to examine this culture. 5. Hellenistic Period (-334-30) Athens & two wars Persian War (-5C) The Delian（得洛斯人） LeagueAthens Empire The Peloponnesian（希腊南部）伯罗奔尼撒半岛的） War (-430-404),ending in the victory of Sparta Alexander, king of Macedon（马其顿王国）, conquered Greece The period of the kingdoms set up by Alexanders successors: the Seleucids (in Asia), Ptolemies (in Africa), Antigonids (in Europe). Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. Her death marked the ending of the Hellenistic Period. From then on, the history entered a period of Roman Empire.III .Greek Culture1.Social $ political structure: 3 v The word democracy means rule by the People. v In Athens the People in their assembly had full and direct control over all policies of the state, and through the jury panels had direct control of the justice system. All magistrates（文职官员, 地方官员） were directly accountable to the People, and had judgment passed on their activities when they left office. Unsuccessful generals could be (and at times were) tried for incompetence.v Yet citizenship was restricted to adult male citizens only. Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded2. Homeric Epics: 3 v The epic is a broadly defined genre of poetry, which retells in a continuous narrative（叙述性的） the life and works of a heroic or mythological person or group of persons. The Iliad伊利亚特(古希腊描写特洛伊战争的英雄史诗, 相传为荷马所作), Odyssey奥德赛 are two examples of the epic genre.v Homer is believed to live around -700, but his works deal with great men and wars of the period of 1200-1100.v The Iliad: about the war between Troy and the allied army of Greek states (-1200-1170).The Iliad v Paris abduction(诱导) of Hellen, wife of Menelaus, king of Spartav Agamemnon(阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅), Menelaus (斯巴达王) brother, acted as the commander-in-chief of the alliance of Greek statesv Achilles captured Briseis and kept her as a concubine, but Agamemnon took her away.v Achilles was raged, and refused to fightv Hector(赫克托,荷马史诗伊利亚特中的一勇士名), Paris brother, killed Petroclus, Achilles best friend, probably his male lover.v Achilles killed Hectorv Destruction of TroyAchillesv Achilles is one of the only two people described as god-like in the Iliad. This does not just refer to his supreme fighting ability, but also to his attitude. He shows a complete and total devotion to the excellence of his craft and, like a god, has almost no regard for life. Clearly he does not mind a swift death, so long as it is gloriousv Achilles rage was an early representation of western individualism.v Cf. Chinese ideal personality3. Lyric poetry抒情诗: 13 v Lyrics are the written words in a song. For the Greeks a lyric is a song sung with a lyre.v Now, it is commonly used to mean a song or a poem of no defined length or structure that expresses a subjective, personal point of view.v Two main lyric poets in ancient Greece: Sappho(萨福：希腊抒情诗人，虽然她的抒情浪漫诗只保存下一些片段，她仍被认为是古代最伟大的诗人之一) & Pindar(品达：希腊田园诗诗人，尤以其颂歌集 而著称)v Sappho was famous for her passionate intensity; while Pindar for his odes celebrating the victories at athletic games.4.Drama: tragedy & comedyOrigin of tragedy: v Its roots can be traced back to the dithyrambs, the chants and dances honoring the Greek god Dionysus. These drunken, ecstatic(心醉神迷的) performances were said to be created by the satyrs half-goat beings who surrounded Dionysus in his revelry. In this sense, the appearance of tragedy has to do with Greek religious beliefs.P.S.:satyrs(半人半兽的森林之神, 好色之徒, 性欲极强的男人)Semantic origin:v tragosgoat; aeideinto singv tragoidia”goat-songs”v Tragedyv Now it refers to any story with a sad ending or a story that fits a set of requirements (often Dionysus希神狄俄尼索斯(酒神, 即罗马神话中的Bacchus)v Son of Zeus & Semele希神塞默勒(Cadmus之女)v Heras jealousy Hera plotted against Semele and caused her to be burnt to a crisp by the sight of Zeus glory.v Zeus did manage to rescue Dionysus and stitched him into his thigh to hold him until he was ready to be born. His birth from Zeus alone conferred immortality upon him. v Hera was still jealous and arranged for the Titans to kill Dionysus(狄俄尼索斯-酒神). The Titans(提坦, 太阳神) ripped him into pieces. However, Rhea brought him back to life.v While other gods had temples the followers of Dionysus worshipped him in the woods. Here they might go into mad states where they would rip apart and eat raw any animal they came upon.v Dionysus wandered the world actively encouraging his cult. He was accompanied by the Maenads(参加狄俄尼索斯酒神节狂欢的女人), wild women, and flush with wine. Dionysus in Greek everyday life v i. Dionysus became one of the most important gods in everyday life. He became associated with several key concepts. One was rebirth after death. Here his dismemberment by the Titans and return to life is symbolically echoed in tending vines, where the vines must be pruned back sharply, and then become dormant in winter for them to bear fruit. The other is the idea that under the influence of wine, one could feel possessed by a greater power.v ii. Dionysus & theaterv The festival for Dionysus is in the spring when the leaves begin to reappear on the vine. It became one of the most important events of the year. Its focus became the theater. Watching the tragedies here became an important way for the Greeks to receive educationThree playwrights（剧作家） of tragedy: 14-8 v Aeschylus (-525-456): Prometheus Bound; Agamemnon希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯v Sophocles (-496-406): Oedipus the Kingv Euripides (-484-406): more concerned with conflicts in society, hence, with “problem plays” 欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)The idea of fate in Greek tragedies: two examplesv Aeschylus Prometheus Bound:v Two reasons for Zeus hatred for Prometheus:v 1. Prometheus stole fire and gave it to humankindv 2. Prometheus refused to reveal the secret concerning Zeus fateTheogony (by Hesiod（赫西奥德(公元前8世纪,希腊诗人):v Chaos Gaea Uranus /Gaea the Cyclopes & Hecatonchires & Titansv Uranus imprisoned the Cyclopes &Hecatonchires v Gaea(盖亚-大地女神)/Cronus(克罗诺斯-巨人Titans 之一) plotted against Uranus and overthrew himv Cronus(克罗诺斯-巨人Titans 之一)/Rhea Zeus, Poseidon(波塞冬-海神), Hades(阎王), Hestia, Demeterv To avoid his fathers fate, Cronus swallowed all his children except Zeus, who was saved by Rheav Zeus overthrew Cronus, and by drawing lot became the supreme god on the Olympusv The oracle, which only Prometheus, said if Zeus would have a more powerful son who overthrow him if he married a certain goddesv Prometheus(普罗米修斯-造福于人类的神) finally revealed the secret: the goddes is Thetis(西蒂斯-海神Nereus的女儿)v In this case, even Zeus, the supreme god, could do nothing in face of fateOedipus the King 俄狄浦斯(底比斯王子, 曾破解怪物斯芬克斯(Sphinx)的谜语, 后误杀其父并娶其母为妻, 发觉后自刺双目, 流浪而死)v Laius, the king of Thebes & Jocasta, the queenv The Delphi oracle:v They will have a son who is to kill his father and marry his motherv The newly born baby was brought to the hillside, but saved by the king from Corinthv Oedipus grew up, and when learning about the oracle, he left Corinthv On the way to Thebes, he ran into conflict with an old man and killed him, who turned out to be Laiusv The Sphinx and its questionv Oedipus answered it, and drove the monster to killed itselfv Oedipus became the king of Thebes and married Jocasta according to the notice of the statev Disasters befell on Thebesv The seers revelation of truth v Oedipus stabbed out his own eyes and exiled himselfv The Oedipus complex in Sigmund Freuds theory:v The childhood desire to sleep with the mother and to kill the father5. History:19-22 v Herodotus (-484-430):v “Father of History”, he is famous for the descriptions he wrote of different places and people he met on his travels and his many books about the Persian invasion in Greece.v Thucydides (-460-404):v The author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides is generally regarded as one of the first true historians. Unlike his predecessor Herodotus who included rumors and references to myths and the gods in his writing, Thucydides assiduously consulted written documents and interviewed participants in the events that he records. v By his discovery of historic causation he created the first scientific approach to history.6-1. Art: Architecturev The most important contribution lies in the temples built upon the Acropolis hill, so called the Sacred Rock of Athens.v The temples on the Acropolis hill includes the Parthenon-the Temple of Athena Parthenos, and the Temple of Athena NikeThree styles of Greek architecture: 32-3 v 1. Doric(多利安式) style: v Rather sturdy and its top is plain. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. (picture: Parthenon - temple of Athena Parthenos) v 2. Ionic(爱奥尼亚式的) style v Thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute涡形花样). This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands. (The Temple of Athena Nike - part of the Acropolis in the city of Athens.) v 3. Corinthian(科林斯风格的)style v Seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples. Its capital is very elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaves. (The temple of Zeus at Athens)6.2 Art: Sculpture(雕刻) 33-4v The earliest Greek sculptures were those of Gods. They are mostly stiff, lifeless wood carving.v Towards the 5th century B.C.v Greek sculpture began to represent the ideal bodily beauty of men as well as mythological figures.v Around 5C B.Cv Figures develop more sophisticated anatomy but still retain a cubic feel that has been carried down since Egyptian times. Figures are more three dimensional. Archer c. 490 B.C. v Diskobolos (Discus Thrower) by Myron c. 450 B.C. v Understanding of anatomy, and carving of marble, are becoming increasingly sophisticated.v Action is being investigated. A strong sense of body movement and a good sense of harmony between parts. v Laocoon group , ca. 125 B.C.v Laocoon(拉奥孔), a priest of Troy, was made to suffer a slow death and killed by serpents with his sons because of his warning the Trojans against Greek attack.( 拉奥孔：特洛伊的太阳神祭师，因警告特洛伊人不要中木马计而连同其二个儿了一起被两条海蟒杀死)v Noted for successful depiction of the expressions of Laocoons face-fear, sympathy and terror.7.Philosophy: 22-30 v Western philosophy, tragedy and history start with the Greeks .v It was Pythagoras who coined the term philosophia, Greek for love of wisdom (philo-”love” & sophia-”wisdom”).v The origin of philosophy has to do with the curiosity of the Greeks. They were strongly interested in abstract questions that were not raised by others. Where did the world come from? What is the purpose of human existence? What is the best way to organize human society? v Cf. ideas in Greek religionThales, the first philosopher v Men in Ionia starting in the early 500s began to speculate about the nature of the world. Thales of Miletus (early 6th century BC) was the first philosopher of historical record:( Ionia爱奥尼亚：古代小亚细亚西部沿爱琴海海岸的一个地区。希腊人在公元前 1000年以前在这儿建立了殖民地。爱奥尼亚的海港从 公元前 8世纪开始繁荣起来，直到 公元 15世纪土耳其人的征服)v All natural phenomena are different forms of one fundamental substance, water;v Evaporation蒸发(作用) and condensation(浓缩): the universal processesThree early philosophers: 22 1. Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC) v All things are made up of numbers . (民数记(旧约圣经的第四卷)v Pythagoreanism(毕达哥拉斯哲学)was more religious and mystical : v The soul is a prisoner of the body; it is released from the body at death, and reincarnated in a higher or lower form of life, depending on the degree of virtue achieved. v So the highest purpose of humans should be to purify their souls by cultivating intellectual virtues, refraining from sensual pleasures, and practicing various religious rituals.2. Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 540-480 BC) 赫拉克利特：希腊哲学家，他坚持斗争和变化是宇宙的自然状态的观点v The primary substance of the world is fire.v The entire world is in a constant state of change or flux. As he said, “you cannot step twice into the same river.”v Most objects and substances are produced by a union of opposite principles.3. Democritus (c. 460-370 BC) 德谟克利特：希腊哲学家，他发展了宇宙原子论，并拥护以自制和安乐为人生目标的学说v Deterministic materialism: all aspects of existence are rigidly determined by physical (natural) laws. v Atomic theory: various forms of matter were caused by differences in the shape, size, position, and arrangement of component atoms.The Sophists: (诡辩家,博学者)29 The “sophists” means practitioners of wisdom. In reality they are a group of traveling teachers famous throughout Greece toward the end of the 5th century BC. Specializing in rhetoric(雄辩，辩才), the art of arguing, they were more professional educators than philosophersHow the sophists emerged v As Greek industry and commerce expanded, a class of newly rich, economically powerful merchants began to wield political power. Lacking the education of the aristocrats, they sought to prepare themselves for politics and commerce by paying the Sophists for instruction in public speaking, legal argument, and general culture. v Although the best of the Sophists made valuable contributions to Greek thought, the group as a whole acquired a reputation for deceit, insincerity, and demagoguery. Thus the word sophistry has come to signify these moral faults.Protagoras (c. 490-420 BC): a leading figure of the Sophists: (普罗塔哥拉：希腊的哲学家，被认为是第一个诡辩家。他根据他自己的格言“人类是衡量所有事物的标准”来教授哲学)1. Skepticism(怀疑论)v As for the gods, I dont know whether they exist.“v No existence of any objective or absolute knowledge.2. Moral relativismv Man is the measure of all things. v Each man has the right to judge all matters for himself, hence, could create his own definition of morality. No opinion was truer than another, but one might be better. v Since traditional values had been shown to be mere convention, and since philosophical speculation had removed the divine from human affairs, morality was purely relative and the advantage of the more powerful was itself good. 1. Socrates: 23 苏格拉底：希腊哲学家，首创了问答工教学方法，作为获得认识自我的一种方法。他关于道德和正义的理论，通过柏拉图（他最著名的学生）的著作而得以流传下来。苏格拉底因被指控毒害雅典年轻人的头脑而受到审判，并因此被处死（公元前339年）)v Belief in absolute knowledge. Socrates attacked the sophists, claiming that the good was absolute, and that knowledge of what is right leads one to do it. No human agent ever knowingly does evil: for we all invariably do what we believe to be best. Thus, immorality is basically a form of ignorance. v Therefore, Socrates contribution to philosophy was essentially ethical(伦理学的)in character. Concepts such as justice, love, virtue, and self-knowledge were the basis of his teachings. Socratic method: v Socrates most important contribution to Western thought is his dialogical method of enquiry, known as the Socratic method, or dialectical method. He stressed the need for analytica(分析法的)l examination of ones beliefs; for clear definitions of basic concepts. As he said:v “The life which is unexamined is not worth living”. Apology v The Socratic method is a process in which one keeps asking ques