culture-and-communication.ppt

Comparative 比较的 StudiesofOriental 东方的 andOccidental西方的cultures Cultureandcommunication Communicationisdonenaturallybyallofusthatwetakeitforgrantedandwedon tthinkverymuchaboutwhathappenswhenwecommunicate Wethink we reallhumanandweallcommunicatethereforecommunicationmustbeeasy mustbeuniversal通用的 Cultureandcommunication Successfulcommunicationis aquestionofgettingthelanguagerightaquestionofusingthelanguagethat srightforthesituation Cultureandcommunication Verbal口头的 言语的andnon verbalcommunicationLanguageisonewaywehaveofcommunicatingWeusebody languageWevarythesoundofourvoicestoexpressemotionsOurfacesandeyescancommunicateaswell Cultureandcommunication Isnon verbalcommunicationreallyimportant Ifpeopleunderstandthewordswe resayingthey llgetthemessage won tthey Cultureandcommunication Agroupofresearchersconductedanexperiment oneverydaycommunicationsituations howmuchofthecommunicationwasthroughfacial面部的 表面的expressionhowmuchthroughthecontext 环境andintonation声调 语调Howmuchthroughlanguageitself Cultureandcommunication Results 55 ofthemeaningcamethroughfacialexpression38 ofthemeaningcamethroughintonationandthecontextOnly7 ofthemeaningwastransmitted传送throughlanguageitself Cultureandcommunication Non verbalwaysofcommunicatingourmessagesarevital至关重要的tothecommunicationprocess Oneofthebigdifferencesbetweenculturesishowimportantaculturethinkswordsare Cultureandcommunication Verbalcultures value重视andenjoytalk argument论证 explanation说明 解释non verbalcultures wherepeoplerespectlistening silence socialharmony Cultureandcommunication Verbalvs nonverbalHowwedealwithproblemsanddisagreementsHowwemanageaconversation会话 交谈 社交 Cultureandcommunication ListentotheprogrammeNotedowntheexamples Cultureandcommunicationgroupwork Isyourcultureverbalornon verbal Discusswithyourfriends Cultureandcommunication Nonverbalcommunication Cultureandcommunication Non verbalcommunication ThewayweusehandsThewayweuseourfacesThewayweuseoureyes Cultureandcommunication Non verbalcommunicationisinterestingbecauseyoucanbeusingdifferentformsinmanydifferentwaysatonce Useeyes眼睛Smile微笑Frown皱眉Orfreeofexpressionface面部自由表达 Cultureandcommunication Alotofnon verbalsignalsaredifficultforustocontrol Theycontaininformationabouthowwereallyfeelandthink Cultureandcommunicationgroupwork Discusswithyourfriendsthewaysofnonverbalcommunicationusedinyourculture Aretheyverydifferentfromthewesterncultureyouknow Cultureandcommunication Bodylanguageandthespace personalspace Rulesabout HowcloseyoucanstandtosomeoneTheuseoftouch Cultureandcommunication Thefrequency频率withwhichwetoucheachothervariesfromculturetoculture Researchincafesaroundtheworld howmanytimescouplestouchedeachotherwithinthespaceofanhour Brazil巴西 anaverageof180timesFrance 120timesGreatBritain didn ttouchatall Cultureandcommunication Discusswithyourfriendsrulesabout HowcloseyoucanstandtosomeoneTheuseoftouchCanyouseeanydifferencebetweenyourcultureandanyothercultures Culture timeandspace Waysthatculturescanvary Ourattitudestotimeandspace Culture timeandspace Thewaywepackage将 包装 打包thenotion概念 见解oftimeisimportant Inordertodescribeitwedivideitupintomanageable易管理的periods sotherearedaysandyearsandseasonsandweeksandsoon butwealsodivideitupintoperiodsoftimethatareculturalsowecanhaveperiodsbetweenfestivalsortheperiodsoffestivalssuchasRamadan斋月 Easter复活节orHanukkah光明节 犹太教节日 Culture timeandspace Wealsodivideitindividualtimesowehavetheperiodsbetweenbirthdaysorwhenourfirstchildrenoroursecondchildrenareborn Timealsohasdepth Imeanhistory sothatcountrieslikeAmericaorAustraliaareyoungintermsofhistorywhereasculturessuchasChinaandArabcultureshavehistoriesthatlastforthousandsofyears Culture timeandspace EdwardT Hallwasthefirsttoidentifytimeandspaceasimportantelements基础 原理inthestudyofculture Cultureswherepeopleliketodo onethingatatime monochronic cultures Cultureswherepeoplehavenoproblemdoingseveralthingsatonce polychronic c Culture timeandspace Monochronism tendstogowithcultureswherepeoplevalueindividuality个性 personalspaceandpersonaltime Timeislinear线的 线型的tothem ismovingforward theyputitintocalendars日历 日程 makeappointments doonethingatatime Culture timeandspace NorthAmericansandBritishpeopletimeisequatedwithdoingsomething beingactive butusuallydoingonethingatatime doingnothingiswastingtime Culture timeandspace Polychroniccultures haveadifferentattitudetotime don tstructure组织 建造 构成theirtimeinthesameway aremuchmoreabletobedoingseveralthingsatonce Arab Turk土耳其 Spanish Indianculturesaretheexamples theycanbetalkingtomorethanonepersonatatime canbeinteracting相互制约withmorethanonepersonatatime Culture timeandspace Thewaywethinkabouttimeisareflection反映ofourideasaboutorder规则andorganization 组织Thesamesort种类ofconsiderationsanddifferencescanbeseeninthewayculturesliketoorganizespace Culture timeandspace Publicspacef e InArabculturesapublicspaceisaplacewherepeoplecancometogether ofteninvarylargenumbers totalk dobusiness socialize交际 Theseareoftenverybusy activeplaces withlotsofthingsgoingonatonce Culture timeandspace BritishorAmericanstownsareorganiseddifferently areoftenbuiltaroundalongthinmainstreetwherepeoplecan tgatheringroupsinquitethesameway Thedifferencesinthedesignanduseofthesepublicspacesareculturaldifferences WEcanseethemevenmoreclearlyinthewaywedesignandusethespacesinourhouses Culture timeandspace Arabsdon thavemuchspaceinpublicbuttheylovehavebigspacesinsidetheirhouses Theyidealizelargeemptyroomswithnotmuchfurniturebecausetheydon tliketobealone Culture timeandspace Personalspaceismuchanissue问题forWesterners Wevalue重视veryhighlyourprivacyandourrighttoprivacy IntheMiddleEastthatisjustnotavaluethatpeoplehold InArabictheyusethesamewordforlonelyandalonethereforemeaningthatifyou vechosentobeinasolitary独居的statethereisaproblemwiththis youmustbeunhappy Culture timeandspace TheJapanesedon thavemuchphysicalspace theyhavevarysmallapartmentsandhouses Butwhattheydowiththespaceisveryclever Thespacesaremultifunctional多功能的 Soduringthedaythey llhaveasittingroomwhereatnightthey llmoveallthefurnitureanditbecomesabedroom Groupwork Discusswithyourfriendswhatcultureisyourownone rathermonochronicorpolychronic Why Culture timeandspace Monochroniccultures wherepeopleliketodoonethingatatime alsoseemtobethosethatvalueprivacyandindividualspace whereasculturesthatarehappytodoseveralthingsatonce Polychroniccultures seemtofavourspaceswherepeoplecancometogetheringroups Culture timeandspace Thisleadsustooneofthemostimportantwaysofdescribingthedifferencesbetweencultures thedifferencesbetweencultureswheretheindividualisseenascentral andthosewherethegroup orthe collective isseenasthemostimportantunit ComparativeStudiesofOrientalandOccidentalcultures individualandcollective Culture individualandcollective Theindividualismandcollectivismmodelreferstotherelationshipbetweenanyindividualinasocietytoanygrouporcollectiveinthatsociety nowwhatdowemeanbycollective Culture individualandcollective Acollectivecouldbeasmallgroupsuchasafamilyoraworkplaceoragroupoffriendsoracluboritcouldbebiggroupslikeanindividual srelationshiptothenationasawhole Culture individualandcollective Thewayyoulivetogetherwiththepeopleinyoursocietywillaffectthewayyoursocietyisorganised Peopleinbothindividualistandcollectivistculturesbelongtogroups butthedifferenceliesinwhetherpeoplechoosetobelongtoagroup howtheyfeelaboutthegroupstheybelongto andhowimportantaninfluencethegrouphasonaperson slife Culture individualandcollective Inindividualistculturespeoplearelinkedtogetherveryloosely Theyarebroughtuptofollowtheirownindividualgoalsandtheirownpreferencesandeveryoneinthesocietyisrewardeddifferentlyaccordingtowhattheypersonallymanagetoachieve Culture individualandcollective They llmakechoicesaboutwhichworkgroupstheybelongtowhotheirfriendsarewhichreligiontheywanttobelongtowhichclubstheywanttobelongtoandsoon Culture individualandcollective Incollectivistculturespeople sownpersonalpreferencesaredownplayed不被重视andtheirloyaltyisfirstandforemost居首位的toagrouporacollective Sowhathappensisthatthegroupgoalsbecomethemostimportantthingandpeopleactinaccordance一致withthedutiesofanyparticularcollectivethatthey rein Culture individualandcollective You llprobablyhaveaverystrongaffiliation从属关系withyourfamilygroupnotbychoicebutbecausethat spartofhowyoursocietyisorganisedandit llbeveryimportantthatwithinthesegroupsyouworktogetherandthere llbeamutualsearchforacollectiveharmonywithinthesegroups Culture individualandcollective Butwhyshouldsomeculturesvaluetheindividualwhileothersvaluethegroup Culture individualandcollective Individualsinindividualisticsocietieswillbelookingfor individualfreedom personaltruth ownpersonalidealofwhatissincereandreal personalgoals personalobjectivestobefulfilled Culture individualandcollective Inthecollectivistsocietiesthere llbemuchgreaterneedforsocialharmonyandaction actionthatwillbeacceptedandapprovedofbyagroupandthere llbealotofloyaltywithinthosegroups Culture individualandcollective Peopleincollectivegroupsgettounderstandeachotherspersonalities eachothersrolesinthatgroupandtheybegintocommunicateintuitively Silenceismuchmoreanintegralpartofthiskindofgroupbecausepeopleknowwhat sgoingoninanotherperson smind youdon thavetosayeverythingthatyou rethinking Culture individualandcollective Communicationamongstindividualsinindividualistsocietiestendstobequiteverbal youexplainyourfeelings whatyouropinionisimportantandsilenceisinsomewaysquiteembarrassing Groupwork Wheredoesyourculturefallalongtheline Doyoubelongtoamoreindividualist ormorecollectivistculture Culture individualandcollective It sveryimportantwhentalkingaboutindividualismandcollectivismtorememberthattheseareverybroadcategories类别 Infact theyarereallythetwoextremeendsofalongline Noculturereallyfallsateitherend Culturestendtowardsoneendortheother ComparativeStudiesofOrientalandOccidentalcultures individualandcollective individualvs collective CultureswheretheindividualisseenascentralCultureswherethegroupisthemostimportantunit individualvs collective Individualistsocieties Peoplearelinkedveryloosely宽松的PeopleareindependentPeoplevalueautonomy自治 personalgoalsPersonalemotionsandhappinessareveryimportant individualvs collective Peopleinindividualistsocietiesvalue FreedomChoiceSelf sufficiency自给自足EqualityThesetendtobeassociatedwitheducationandaffluence socialandgeographicmobility individualvs collective Collectivistsocieties ThegroupgoalsaremoreimportantThenorms规范 theduties theobligation义务softhegroupareveryimportant individualvs collective Collectivistsocieties Uphold鼓励traditiontoamuchgreaterextent范围Security安全isimportantSocialrelationshipsareveryimportantHierarchy等级制度isimportant theimportanceofseniority individualvs collective individualvs collective InfluencesbetweenculturesTheAmericanwayoflife profJ Keegan TheUSAprovidesmostoffilms tvshowsTheworldisawareofAmericancustoms Americanstyles norms values individualvs collective Aswemovetowardsamuchmoreglobalisedsocietywe regoingtohavethedominant显性的typeofbehaviourinordertoachieveasanIndividual Asaconsequence结论 themodelwhichisverywellexported出口andseenallovertheworld istheAmericanwayoflife Groupwork Whatdoyouthink ArecollectivesocietiesreallyfollowinganorthAmericanmodelandbecomingmoreindividualist individualvs collective Perhapsit sjustthat astheworldgetssmaller weadoptsomeofthethingswelikefromtheculturesthatwecomeintocontactwithandadaptthemtoourownculturalsituation individualvs collective Ontheotherhand isitpossiblethatsomeculturesarebeginningtoreactagainstwhatProfessorKeegandescribesaswhatisseenas thedominantstyleofbehaviour theAmericanwayoflife ComparativeStudiesofOrientalandOccidentalcultures Hofstede svaluedimensions维 尺寸 次元 容积 Hofstede svaluedimensions Hofstedeused116 000employeesinover40differentcountriesfromtheIBMcompanywhichisaninternationalbusinesscompany Andheconductedasurveyonthedifferencesinvaluesandsocialbehaviouramongsttheemployees Hofstede svaluedimensions Hewasassumingthathumanbehaviourisn trandombuttosomeextentpredictableandsothatinconductingthissurveyhe dbeabletoidentifysetsofresponseswhichmightrevealpatternsorvaluedimensionswithinandacrosscultures Hofstede svaluedimensions Theindividualism collectivismdimensionThepowerdistancedimensionTheuncertaintyavoidancedimensionThemasculinity femininitydimension Hofstede svaluedimensionsThepowerdistancedimension Thepowerdistancedimensionmeasurestheequalityorinequalityinaculture StyleofdecisionmakingDegreeoffearExistenceofhierarchyDistancebetweenpeopleatthetopandpeopleatthebottom Hofstede svaluedimensionsThepowerdistancedimension thelevelofeducationinaculturewasadominantfactorindecidingthepowerdistance soinhigherpowerdistanceculturesahighervaluewasputonobedienceandconformityasopposedtoindependenceandsomeofthiscouldbeseentobebecausetheworkforcewasperhapslesswell educatedandmoreafraidofdisagreeingwiththeirbosses Hofstede svaluedimensionsThepowerdistancedimension Theoppositeofthiskindofhighpowercultureisthelowpowerdistancecultureandinthosekindofculturesheexpectedtoseemoredemocraticsystemsofmanagementandmorefreedomonthepartoftheworkerstohaveasayinthewaythatdecisionsweremadeorthebusinesswasrun Hofstede svaluedimensionsTheuncertaintyavoidancedimension TheuncertaintyavoidancedimensionCountrieswhichtrytoavoiduncertaintyareonesinwhichpeopledislikesituationsinwhichtheyfeelthatthingsareunstructuredortheyfeelthatthesituationsareunpredictableortheoutcomesmightbeunclear Hofstede svaluedimensionsTheuncertaintyavoidancedimension Thesetypesofculturestendtoworryaboutthefutureforinstance Cultureswhichworryaboutuncertaintytendtoadaptthemselvestothisbyinstigatingmeasurestopreventuncertainty Nowhowdotheydothis Hofstede svaluedimensionsTheuncertaintyavoidancedimension Nowhowdotheydothis Theyformrulessotheyinsistonrulesofsocialbehavio