《英语国家概况》PPT课件.ppt

英语国家概况 theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland Englandisthelargest mostpopuloussection 80 Scotland northofGreatBritain EdinburghWales westofGreatBritain Cardiff加的夫NorthernIrelandBelfast Otherimportantcities Birmingham Manchester Glasgow Liverpool LandandPeople TheCommonwealthwasfoundedin1931ThamesRiveristhesecondlongestandmostimportantriverinBritain flowingthroughLondon longest SevernRiver Britainhasamaritimeclimate海洋性气候 TheOriginsofaNation TheCeltsbegantoarriveBritainabout700BC Roman sinfluence limited Christianity BasisofModernEnglishrace theAnglo Saxons 500BC TheancestorsoftheEnglishareAnglo Saxons theScots WelshandIrishareCelts VikingandDanishinvasionsTheNormanConquest 1066 Thelastforeigninvasion TheShapingoftheNation NormanRule 1066 1381 BattleofHastingsFeudalsystemestablishedNorman Frenchculture language manners architectureSignificanceoftheGreatCharter大宪章 1215 ThespiritwasthelimitationofthepowersofthekingTheoriginsoftheEnglishParliamentGreatCouncil theprototype 1265 MiddleAges TheHundredYears Waranditsconsequencesfrom1337to1453TheEnglishweredrivenoutofFranceTheBlackDeath 14thcentury 4million 2 5million fromgrainfarmingtosheepfarming ThePeasantUprisingof1381pavedthewaytothedevelopmentofcapitalism TheWaroftheRosesHouseofLancaster red vs HouseofYork White from1455to1485 HenryTudor EnglandundertheTudors TheEnglishReformation宗教改革运动HenryVIIIwasaboveallresponsibleforthereligiousreformofthechurch ChurchofEnglandThereformbeganasastruggleforadivorceandendedinfreedomfromthePapacy 罗马教皇ForeignTradeandGeographicalExpansion ElizabethI TheEnglishRenaissanceProducedimportantliteraryfigures likeFrancisBaconandWilliamShakespeareEnglishRenaissancecoincidedwiththeReformation TheCivilWars ThewarbeganonAugust22 1642andendedin1651 CharlesIwascondemnedtodeath CharlesIandtheParliamentTheEnglishCivilWar英国内战isalsocalledthePuritanRevolution清教徒革命Itisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofmodernworldhistory TheRestoration 1660TheGloriousRevolutionof1688JamesII CatholicWilliamofOrange荷兰的威廉Nobloodshed noexecutionoftheking TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire 1688 1990 WhigsandTories辉格党和多利党TheWhigwerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists不从国教者 TheWhigweretoformacoalitionwithdissidentToriesinthemid 19thcenturyandbecometheLiberalParty TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchy世袭君主andwerereluctanttoremovekings TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty AgriculturalChangesintheLate18thCenturyTheWoolenTextileIndustry羊毛纺织工业andtheEnclosureMovement TheIndustrialRevolution 1780 1830 Favorablegeographicallocation Sea river ports PoliticalstabilityTheEnclosuresAbundantResourcesandRawMaterialsBritishengineershadsoundtrainingascraftsmen JamesWatt ssteamenginein1765 Britainwasby1830the workshopoftheworld TheChartistMovement 1836 1848 Between1832and1918threeReformBillswerepassed ResultsoftheChartistMovementChartismfailedbecauseofitsweakanddividedleadership anditslackofcoordinationwithtrade unionism The6pointswereachievedverygraduallyovertheperiodof1858 1918LeninsaidthatChartismwas thefirstbroad reallymass politicallyformed proletarianrevolutionarymovement无产阶级革命运动 TradeUnionsandtheLabourParty Secondmajorpartysince1914 replacingLiberalParty ColonialExpansion By1900 Britainhadbuiltupabigempire onwhichthesunneversets ThegrowthofdominionsCanada Australia andNewZealandTheConquestofIndiaTheBritishEastIndiaCompanyTheScrambleforAfricaAggressionagainstChinatheOpiumWars TwentiethCentury BritainandtheFirstWorldWar theCentralpower GermanyandAustria Hungarythe Allies Britain FranceandRussia BritainBetweentheTwoWorldWarsTheGreatDepressionBritainandtheSecondWorldWarPostwarBritainWWIIhastenedtheendofBritain sempire InJanuary1973 BritainbecameafullmemberoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunityMrsThatcher 1979 GovernmentandAdministration ConstitutionalmonarchybeganaftertheGloriousRevolutionin1688 Theheadofstateisakingoraqueen thesymbolofthewholenation Themonarchactuallyhasnorealpower TheSystemofparliamentarygovernmentisnotbasedonawrittenconstitution theBritishconstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument Itismadeupofstatutelaw commonlawandconventions Parliament TheUnitedKingdomisaunitary notafederal state ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign元首 theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons Britainhastwomajorparties theConservativePartyandtheLabourParty TheHouseofLordsismadeupoftheLordsSpiritualandtheLordsTemporal TheHouseofCommonsiselectedbyuniversaladultsuffrageandconsistsof651MembersofParliament MPs ItisintheHouseofCommonsthathastheultimateauthority TheCabinetandMinistry ThePrimeMinisterpresidesovertheCabinet MinistersareresponsiblecollectivelytoParliamentforallCabinetdecisions individualMinistersareresponsibletoParliamentfortheworkoftheirdepartment ThePrivyCouncil枢密院theKing sCouncil Justiceandthelaw CriminalProceedingsThejuryiscomposedof12ordinarypeople CriminalCourtsCivilCourtstheHighCourtdealswiththemorecomplicatedcivilcase Thereisnoministryofjustice司法部intheUnitedKingdom TreatmentofoffendersCapitalpunishment SocialAffairs ReligionEstablishedchurches thechurchofEnglandandtheChurchofScotland苏格兰长老会FestivalsandPublicHolidaysTheChristianfestivaloftheyearandChristmas Easter andWhitSunday圣灵降临节 BoxingDay节礼日isaholidaycelebratedinBritain Australia NewZealand andCanada ItfallsonDecember26th NationalDay Queen sbirthday Education EducationalPolicyNationalCurriculumPrimaryandSecondaryEducationStatesystemandindependentsystemGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation普通中等教育证书HigherEducationUniversitiesadmitstudentsmainlyonthebasisofthegradesoftheirA levels ASlevelsorGNVQs GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications ThePress Newspaper TheTimes泰晤士报 TheDailyTelegraph每日电讯报 TheGuardianWeeklies TheObserver TheSundayTimes星期日泰晤士报Magazine TheEconomist经济学家Broadcasting BBCNewsAgency Reuters Sports CricketFootball soccer Rugby英式橄榄球 football TennisThehomeofgolfisScotland TheUnitedStates TheUnitedStates OfallstatesofAmerican AlaskaisthelargestinareaandRhodeIslandthesmallest ButonthemainlandTexasisthelargestsateofthecountry TheRockies thebackboneoftheNorthAmericanContinent isalsoknownastheContinentalDivide ThetwomainmountainrangesinAmericanaretheAppalachianmountainsandtheRockymountains TheMississippiRiveristhelargestriverinAmerica theGreatLakes LakeSuperior thelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld LakeMichigan theonlyentirelyintheU S LakeHuron LakeEireandLakeOntario TheyarelocatedbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStatesexceptLakeMichigan Chicago thelargestandbusiestportontheGreatLakes isthelargestindustrialandcommercialcenterofthearea Detroitisknownastheautomobilecapitaloftheworld History The firstAmericans weretheIndians DiscoveredbyChristopherColumbus ColonialAmericaFirstcolony Virginia economicpurposeNewEnglandcolonies religiousreasonsPuritans History Between1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerican In1620 201PilgrimssailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower TheyarrivedatPlymouthandbuiltthePlymouthcolony TheAmericanRevolution BostonTeaParty波士顿倾茶事件 1773 TheWarofIndependence独立战争 1775 1783 TheDeclarationofIndependenceTheConstitutionWashington firstPresident ExpansionandtheCivilWar JeffersonandtheLouisianaPurchase路易斯安那购买案Thewarof1812andMonroeDoctrine门罗主义WestwardExpansionSlaveryTheCivilWarandReconstruction TheGildedAge IndustrializationSocialImpactofIndustrializationImmigrationandUrbanizationLaborUnionsRuralProblemsTheProgressiveMovementImperialistExpansion TheTwoWorldWarsandtheGreatDepression WorldWarITheRoaring20s咆哮的20年代TheGreatDepressionandtheNewDeal罗斯福新政WorldWarII TheUnitedStatesafterWorldWarII EconomicDevelopmentSocialMovement TheCivilRightsMovement民权运动StudentMovementWomen sMovementEnvironmentMovement Economy ServiceIndustryFinancialServicesTourismandTransportationTradeManufacturingIndustryCities WashingD C NewYork LosAngeles ChicagoTheU Shaslessthan6 oftheworld spopulation Yetitproductsabout25 ofthetotalworldoutput Society NewEnglanderswereoriginallyknowsasYankees whichcametostandforallAmericans PopulationismadeupofWASPs WhiteAnglo SaxonProtestants NativeAmericans AfricanAmericans Hispanics AsianAmericans SegregationandAffirmativeAction平权运动IndividualismandPoliticalParticipationSocialsecurityandwelfare Politics TheAmericanConstitutionistheoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld Ingeneral Americanhasatwo partysystem TherearetwomajorpoliticalpartiesinAmerica theDemocratsandtheRepublicans Government TheLegislativeBranchCongress composedoftheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesTheExecutiveBranchPowerisvestedinthePresidentThepresidentialtermof4yearsbeginonJan20followingtheNovemberelection TheJudicialBranchSupremeCourt Education AdministrationofEducationElementaryandSecondaryEducationHigherEducationPublicUniversitiesStateUniversitiesPrivateUniversitiesCommunityColleges Culture Entertainment Music jazz rockandroll countrymusicFilms ratingsystemTelevisions CNN NBC CBS ABCNBCnationalbroadcastingcompany全国广播公司CBScolumbiabroadcastingsystem哥伦比亚广播公司Radio VOANewspapers TheNewYorkTimes TheWashingtonPostMagazines Times Newsweek新闻周刊 Reader sDigest Americanholidays IndependenceDayJuly4thLaborDayFirstMondayinSeptemberThanksgivingFourthThursdayinNovemberHalloweenOctober31stMartinLutherKingDay3rdMondayofEveryJanuaryVeteransDayNovember11th Sports Americanfootball SuperBowl 美国橄榄球超级杯大赛BaseballBasketball Canada Politics GovernmentAfederalstatewithintheBritishCommonwealthTheExecutiveThePrimeMinisterandhisCabinetofministerTheLegislativeTheParliamentofCanadaTheJudiciaryTheSupremeCourtofCanadaQueenHeadofCanadaGovernor GeneralSymbolicexecutiveParties theLaborParty theLiberalParty t