环境工程研究生双语.ppt

EnvironmentalPolicyintheU S 美国的环境政策 环境科学与工程龚鹏飞 2 Outline 1Introduction导言 4U S ChinaCooperationonEnvironmentalProtection中美环保方面的合作 3Problemsandwhy出现的问题和原因分析 2DevelopmentofEnvironmentalPolicyinU S 环境政策在美国的发展 5Conclusion结语 3 1Introduction导言 Ourearthwasverybeautiful 4 Theworldisnotonlyhungry butalsothirstyforwater Mancanonlydrinkandusetheother3 thefreshwaterthatcomesfromrivers lakes underground Andwecannotevenuseallofthat becausesomeofitisintheformoficebergs Evenworse someofithasbeenpolluted Nowwearefightingfortheearth Garbage Nowwearefightingfortheearth Theenvironmentisinnocent 8 Bythelate1980s thepublic ssenseofenvironmentprotectiongrewoutofnothing theFederalGovernmentwentfromshoulderingnoresponsibilitytoplayingmoreandmoreactivepartintheenvironmentprotection 到20世纪80年代后期 市民的环保意识从无到有 联邦政府承担责任 在保护环境中发挥更多和更积极地参与 2DevelopmentofEnvironmentalPolicyinU S 9 1970 sFirstEarthDay April22 1970 Muchenvironmentallegislationpassed Immediate obviousproblemswererelativelyeasytoaddress 10 1980 sReaganAdministration里根执政Resurgenceinawarenessbylate80 s八十年代末期思想觉悟复苏1990 sEnvironmentalissuesbecomemajorPresidentialcampaigntopic 环境方面的议题成为了总统竞选的主要话题Declineinmembershipofmajorenvironmentalorganizations butincreaseingrassrootsorganizations 主流环保组织的成员减少 但是基层组织增多 11 Throughlegislation congressregulates behavior selectsagenciestoimplementnewprograms andsetsgeneralproceduralguidelines TheenvironmentprotectionpolicyintheU S A hasbeenonanewdevelopmentstagesince1980s butsufferedrepeatedsetbacks 3Problems 12 TheCommand and ControlpatternthattheFederalgovernmentadopted 联邦政府发挥主导作用的 命令 控制模式 Separatedpowers checks balances权力机构不集中相互制衡Incrementalism环境保守主义观 Problems Why AsfarasIknow 13 Itnotonlyledtoalowratiobetweencostandeffectoftheenvironmentalprotectionmanagementsystem butalsointerferedthemanagementofenterprises makingthemcarryhugebudgetforthat Theexpansionofthedivergencebetweentheenvironmentalistsandtheenvironmentpollutionenterprisesmakeithardforthemtoreachcompromise theCommand and ControlpatternthattheFederalgovernmentadopted 命令 控制模式 14 Separatedpowers checks balances权力机构不集中相互制衡 PowerinAmericangovernmentisdividedandlimitedbyconstitutionaldesignOneinterpretation Nooneisincharge 15 Incrementalism渐进主义 IsthemostcommonU S approachtodealingwithpublicproblemsInvolvesmakingandimplementingpoliciesinaseriesofsmallsteps increments Itimpliesthatmakingpolicywillusuallybealong slowprocess 16 So wecanseethatthoughtheperiodfrom1970sto1990didbringforthsomeverytangibleaccomplishmentsinenvironmentalpolicy However anewenvironmentalawarenessandconcernbegantosurfaceasamajorpoliticalissue 所以我们可以看出从20世纪70年代至1990年期间 美国在环境相关保护政策方面确实带来一些非常切实的成就 然而 从20世纪80年代末 人们对环境保护有了新的认识和更进一步的关注 开始作为一个重大的政治问题呈现出来 4U S ChinaCooperationonEnvironmentalProtection中美环保方面的合作 MainGoalsofU S CooperationwithChinaontheEnvironment美国与中国在环境方面合作的重要目标 TohelpChinadevelopthetechnicalmeanstopreventenvironmentaldegradation evenwhilemaintainingeconomicgrowth 帮助中国发展阻止环境恶化的技术并保持经济增长 ToshareU S experienceinpolicydevelopmentaimedatmakingtoughenvironmentalpolicydecisions 分享美国在制定强硬环境政策方面的经验 TosupportChina sgrowingtrendofpublicparticipationinenvironmentalgovernance 支持中国公众参与环境治理 ExamplesofTechnicalAssistanceCooperation技术援助合作的例子 U S EnvironmentalProtectionAgency EPA isprovidingtechnicalassistanceon Cleanerairandcleanerenergytechnology effectsofparticulatematteronchildren slungs andairpollutionandasthma 美国环境保护局 EPA 提供的技术援助有 空气净化 清洁能源技术 颗粒物对孩子呼吸器的影响 空气污染 哮喘 U S DepartmentofEnergy DOE isprovidingtechnicalassistanceon Cleanfuels powersystems oilandgastechnology andclimatescience 美国能源部 DOE 提供的技术援助有 清洁燃料 能源系统 油汽技术 气候科学 DOEalsodoingdemonstrationprojectsonenergyefficientbuildings windpower solarpower andgeothermalheatpumptechnology 美国能源部还做的示范项目有 节能建筑 风能 太阳能 地热收水技术 20 Therulesofenvironmentallawintheworldaremakingprogress andthesituationisalreadybetterthisyearthanbefore Evenso bothgovernmentsandcivilresourcesforseekingdamagesareinadequate lawenforcementisweakandsuccessisonlyseeninstraightforwardcases Theseissuesstillneedtoberesolved 5Conclusion结语 Yes weonlyhaveoneeart