Point of View 文学原理教程.ppt

PointofView PointofView观点 Theangle perspectivefromwhichthestoryistold Narrator叙述者 Storyteller Thecharacter voicethattellsthestory Pointofviewdependsontwofactors Physicalsituationofthenarratorasanobserver Speaker sintellectualandemotionalposition 观点 有些东西能为我所见 有些东西则不能 在事件中 没有一个人能说出全貌 却都提供了别人所缺少的部分 作者的任务是找出最适合于他要述说之故事的观点 KindsofPointofView 1 Third PersonPointofView narratorasnon participant Narratoroutsidetheactiondescribestheevents Third PersonPointofViewOmniscient all knowing Withthispointofview an all knowing narratorfirmlyimposeshispresencebetweenthereaderandthestory andretainscompletecontroloverthenarrative Thenarratorisnotacharacterinthestorybutcantellyouthethoughtsandactionsofallcharactersatalltimes Pronouns he she him her they them etc Advantage Theflexibilitygivenbythe all knowing narratorcandirectthereader sattentionandcontrolthesourcesofinformation Third PersonPointofViewLimited limitedtoonecharacter sthought Withthispointofview thenarratorlimitshisabilitytopenetratethemindsofcharactersbyselectingasinglecharactertoactasthecenterofrevelation DramaticPointofView strictlyreporting Inthispointofview thenarratordisappearscompletelyandthestoryisallowedtopresentitselfdramaticallythroughactionanddialogue Advantage Withthedisappearanceofthenarrator tellingisreplacedbyshowing andtheillusioniscreatedthatthereaderisadirectandimmediatelywitnesstoanunfoldingdrama 2 First PersonPointofView NarratorasParticipant Inthispointofview thenarratorappearsinthenovelas I or me andsharesthelimitationsofthirdpersonlimited NarratorasMajorCharacter NarratorasMinorCharacter Advantage Byassumingtheidentityas I thenarratorendearshimselftothereaderwhilehehastosacrificetheprivilegeofomniscience Thenarratorstandsinsidethestoryandrelatesfirsthandexperience whichcancreateafeelingofintimacy AnalyzingNarrator Ishe shereliableorunreliable Ifthenarratoriscrazy jealous self serving mistaken confused etc thenthereadermayquestionsthereliabilityofthestoryhe sheistelling 2 Isthenarratoraparticipatingcharacter oristhenarratortellingthestoryfromanomniscientpointofview 3 Isthenarratorna ve Thereadercanseethatthenarrator sbackgroundlimitshis herabilitytounderstandasituation 全知全能的叙事观点 叙事者对每一件事都能了然 他能随意进入任何人物的内心深处 并直接告诉读者 某一小说人物正在想些什么 通常是以第三人称法叙事 其优点是具有高度弹性 缺点是在训练不足的作家手中 可能会使作品倾向于松散而凌乱 有限制的叙事观点 其叙述者所知有限 他可能是小说中的人物 以第一人称 我 的方式去叙事 也可能置身于小说之外 以第三人称叙事 戏剧式观点 前两者或以小说外的导演口吻来布局 或以剧中人的 我 来道出亲身经历 都是有一个操纵者或摄影者 但戏剧式观点是根本没有明显的观看者 完全借着对话 行动 让小说中的人物自己演出 是极为客观的一种叙述法 Haircut InHaircutRingLardnertellsastoryaboutanawfulman butthroughtheeyesofWhitey thetownbarber WhiteyhasanunusualpointofviewaboutJim WhiteyseesJimKendell themaincharacter as comical 101 and kindofrough butagoodfellaatheart 101 WheninrealityWhiteydidnotseeJimforwhathereallywas aheartless cheating vindictiveman WhiteybelieveshetellingastoryabouthisfriendJim whowithhisbuddyHodMeyers usedtokeepthistowninanuproar 101 InfactWhiteywastellingastoryaboutsomeofthehorribleandmischievouspranksJimwouldpullonsomeofthetownspe