英美文化概况ppt课件.ppt

GuidetoEnglish SpeakingCountries 英语国家概况 英语国家概况 TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland Chapter3GovernmentandtheCommonwealth TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland 英语国家概况 PoliticalParties Constitution Government Election TheCommonwealth CONTENT Constitution I GreatBritain UK isaparliamentarydemocracywithaconstitutionalmonarchastheheadofstateBritishConstitutionismadeupof StatutoryLaw 成文法 CommonLaw 判例法 Conventions 习惯法 1 1StatutoryLawpassedbyParliamentexampletheMagnaCarta 1215 whichprotectstherightsofthecommunityagainsttheCrowntheBillofRights 1689 whichextendsthepowersofParliamenttheReformAct 1832 whichreformstheparliamentaryelectoralsystemtheEuropeanCommunitiesAct 1972 theEuropeanCommunities Amendment Act 1986 whichdefinestherelationshipbetweenBritainandtheEuropeanCommunity 欧共体 Constitution 1 2Commonlaw 判例法 deducedfromcustomorlegalprecedentsandinterpretedincourtcasesbyjudges1 3Conventions 习惯法 rulesandpracticeswhichdonotexistlegally butareregardedasvitaltotheworkingofgovernment forexample Themonarchreignsbutdoesnotrule 1 Constitution Government 2 1TheLegislature 2 2TheExecutive 2 3TheJudiciary 2 1TheLegislature BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernment Monarch non political Legislature Parliament Executive Judiciary non political HouseofCommons political HouseofLords semi political PrimeMinister Cabinet political Ministers Civilservice non political HouseofLords CourtofAppeal 2 1 1Parliament Parliamentthelaw makingbodyofBritainoneoftheoldestrepresentativeassembliesintheworld inthemid 13thcentury Strictlyspeaking theparliamentconsistsoftheKingorQueen theHouseofLords 上议院 theHouseofCommons 下议院 QueenElizabethIIBorn April21 1926QueensinceJune2 1953QueenElizabethIIisa constitutionalmonarch Althoughsheisofficiallytheheadofstate thecountryisactuallyrunbythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister 2 1 2Queen BuckinghamPalace 2 1 2Queen QueenElizabethII 2 1 2Queen Shereignsbutdoesnotrule Theoretically sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers anintegralpartofthelegislatureheadoftheexecutive executiveandjudiciarybranchesthecommander in chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown supremegovernor oftheChurchofEnglandMore Q WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave 2 1 2Queen Inreality herroleis ceremonial unpoliticalandsymbolic StateopeningoftheParliament 国会开议大典 RoyalassenttonewlawMeetingwiththePrimeMinisteratBuckinghamPalacePaystatevisitstoCommonwealthcountriesasheadofstateandnon CommonwealthcountriesonbehalfoftheBritishgovernment 2 1 2Queen FromBuckinghamtoWestminster TheStateOpeningofParliamentWednesdayNovember26 2003 2 1 2Queen 2 1 3TheHouseofLords oftenreferredtoas theUpperHouse TheLordsSpiritual 上议院神职议员 archbishopsandprominentbishopsoftheChurchofEngland TheHouseofLordsintheearly19thcentury TheLordsTemporal 上议院世俗议员 hereditarypeersandlifepeersandtheLawLords 上议院高级法官 TheUpperHouseReformsReducethenumberofseatsfrom705to666 Mar 1 2004 Finalcourtofappeal SupremeCourt TheHouseofLordsmeetsinalavishlydecoratedchamberinthePalaceofWestminster alsocalledRedChamber 2 1 3TheHouseofLords 2 1 4TheHouseofCommons Oftenreferredtoas theLowerHouse centerofparliamentarypower Threemajorfunctionstopasslaws billsandactsofParliamenttoscrutinize criticizeandrestraintheactionsofthegovernmenttoinfluencethefuturegovernmentpolicy 646MembersofParliament knownas MPs forshort whorepresentthe646geographicalareas constituencies 2 1 4TheHouseofCommons 2 2 1ThePrimeMinister powerfulleaderheadofthegovernmenttheleaderofthemajoritypartyinParliamentcontrolstheParliament2 2 2TheCabinetsupremedecision makingbodyintheBritishgovernmentCabinetmembersarechosenbythePrimeMinisterfrommembersofhisownpartyinParliament 2 2TheExecutive TheCabinetworksontheprincipleofcollectiveresponsibilityandindividualministerialresponsibilityMinistersresponsiblefortheirparticulardepartment mostseniormembersaretheDeputyPrimeMinister ForeignSecretary ChancelloroftheExchequerandHomeSecretary Collectiveresponsibilityorresignation 2 2TheExecutive CivilServants MembersoftheCivilServicearecalledCivilServants Theystaffgovernmentdepartments CivilServantsarerecruitedmainlybycompetitiveexamination Civilservantsdonotbelongtoanypoliticalparty ChangesofGovernmentdonotinvolvechangesindepartmentalstaff Thereareabout541 800civilservantsinBritainnow A 140B125C100D85E60 2 2 2PrivyCouncilabodyofadvisors 450members currentandformerCabinetmembersandimportantpublicfiguresItsmaindutyistogiveadvice 2 2TheExecutive 2 3TheJudiciary ProceedingsAllcriminaltrialsareheldinopencourtbecausethecriminallawpresumestheinnocenceoftheaccuseduntilhehasbeenapprovedguiltybeyondreasonabledoubtIncriminaltrialsbyjury thejudgepassessentencebutthejurydecidestheissueofguiltandinnocence TwobranchesoflawCivillaw definesandenforcesthedutiesorobligationsofpersonstooneanotherCriminallaw bycontrast definesandenforcestheobligationsofpersonstosocietyasawhole EnglishJudges 2 3TheJudiciary TheCourtSystem Civilbranch Criminalbranch 2 3TheJudiciary PoliticalParties 3 1TheConservativeParty 3 2TheLaborParty 3 3TheLiberalDemocrats 3 0OverallIntroduction 3 0OverallIntroduction TheParliamentoperatesonatwo partysystem Politicalpartiesoriginatedinthelate17thcentury theWhigParty LiberalPartytheToryParty ConservativeParty 3 1TheConservativeParty the Right landownersandbusinessmen themiddleandupper middleclassfreeenterpriseandprivatizationofstate ownedfirms MargaretThatcher 1979 1990 TheIronLadyprivatizedstate ownedindustriesandpromotedamorecompetitivespiritinBritain seconomyreducedoldagepensions shortenedtheperiodofunemploymentbenefits andcutchildbenefitscurbedthepowerofthetradeunions 3 1TheConservativeParty 3 2TheLaborParty the Left createdbythegrowingtradeunionmovementattheendofthe19thcenturyAfter1945 toestablishawelfarestatenationalizedindustriesexercisedcontroloverprivateindustriestorevivetheprimaryindustries RecentPrimeMinistersfromtheleftTonyBlair 1997 2006 ThirdWay madetheBankofEnglandindependent separatepoliticsandeconomicpolicy putanemphasisontheminimumwageandsupplementinglowincomes GordonBrown June27 2007 3 2TheLaborParty 3 3TheLiberalDemocrats AnamalgamationoftheoldLiberalPartyandtheSocialDemocraticParty thelatterbeingabreakawaygroupfromtheLaborParty formedin1981 advocatespoliciesbasedonfreedomoftheindividualremainsaminoritypartyapartyofprotestratherthanarealalternativeforgovernment Election heldeveryfiveyearsinthe646constituencies unlessaMotionofNoConfidenceispassedbytheHouseofCommons candidatewhowinsineachconstituencybecomesaMemberofParliamentThepartywhichholdsthemajorityof seats inParliamentformsthegovernment withitspartyleaderbecomingthePrimeMinister TheCommonwealth 5 1TheOriginoftheCommonwealth 5 2CharacteristicsandFunctions 5 3MembersoftheCommonwealth 5 4OrganizationsoftheCommonwealth 5 5CommonwealthDay 5 1OriginoftheCommonwealth TheCommonwealthofNationsisthesuccessoroftheBritishEmpire In1949 British wasdroppedfromthetitleof Commonwealth In1949 theLondonDeclaration oftenconsideredamilestoneinthehistoryofthemodernCommonwealth acceptedandrecognizedIndia scontinuedmembershipasarepublic From1960onwards newmembersjoinedtheCommonwealth 5 1OriginoftheCommonwealth avo