第10章 外部性 曼昆经济学原理第七版ppt课件.ppt

1 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Externalities 2 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Externalities GovernmentactioncansometimesimproveuponmarketoutcomesWhymarketssometimesfailtoallocateresourcesefficientlyHowgovernmentpoliciescanpotentiallyimprovethemarket sallocationWhatkindsofpoliciesarelikelytoworkbest 3 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Externalities ExternalityTheuncompensatedimpactofoneperson sactionsonthewell beingofabystanderMarketfailureNegativeexternalityImpactonthebystanderisadversePositiveexternalityImpactonthebystanderisbeneficial 4 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Externalities NegativeexternalitiesExhaustfromautomobilesBarkingdogsPositiveexternalitiesRestoredhistoricbuildingsResearchintonewtechnologies 5 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse ExternalitiesandMarketInefficiency Welfareeconomics arecapDemandcurve valuetoconsumersPricestheyarewillingtopaySupplycurve costtosuppliersEquilibriumquantityandpriceEfficientMaximizesthesumofproducerandconsumersurplus 6 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Figure1 TheMarketforAluminum Thedemandcurvereflectsthevaluetobuyers andthesupplycurvereflectsthecostsofsellers Theequilibriumquantity QMARKET maximizesthetotalvaluetobuyersminusthetotalcostsofsellers Intheabsenceofexternalities therefore themarketequilibriumisefficient 7 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse ExternalitiesandMarketInefficiency NegativeexternalitiesCosttosociety ofproducingagood Largerthanthecosttothegoodproducers AllIcansayisthatifbeingaleadingmanufacturermeansbeingaleadingpolluter sobeit 8 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse ExternalitiesandMarketInefficiency NegativeexternalitiesSocialcostPrivatecostsoftheproducers supply PlusthecoststothosebystandersaffectedadverselybythenegativeexternalitySocialcostcurveisabovethesupplycurveTakesintoaccounttheexternalcostsimposedonsociety 9 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Figure2 PollutionandtheSocialOptimum Inthepresenceofanegativeexternality suchaspollution thesocialcostofthegoodexceedstheprivatecost Theoptimalquantity QOPTIMUM isthereforesmallerthantheequilibriumquantity QMARKET 10 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse ExternalitiesandMarketInefficiency NegativeexternalitiesOptimumquantityproducedMaximizetotalwelfareSmallerthanmarketequilibriumquantityGovernment correctmarketfailureInternalizingtheexternalityAlteringincentivessothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions 11 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse ExternalitiesandMarketInefficiency PositiveexternalitiesEducationBenefitofeducationisprivateExternalities bettergovernment lowercrimerates higherproductivityandwagesSocialvalueisgreaterthanprivatevalueSocialvaluecurveAbovethedemandcurve 12 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Figure3 EducationandtheSocialOptimum Inthepresenceofapositiveexternality thesocialvalueofthegoodexceedstheprivatevalue Theoptimalquantity QOPTIMUM isthereforelargerthantheequilibriumquantity QMARKET 13 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse ExternalitiesandMarketInefficiency PositiveexternalitiesSociallyoptimalquantityisgreaterthanmarketequilibriumquantityGovernment correctmarketfailureInternalizetheexternalitySubsidy 14 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse ExternalitiesandMarketInefficiency NegativeexternalitiesMarketsproducealargerquantitythanissociallydesirableGovernment taxPositiveexternalitiesMarketsproduceasmallerquantitythanissociallydesirableGovernment subsidy 15 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Technologyspillovers industrialpolicy andpatentprotection Technologyspillover PositiveexternalityImpactofonefirm sresearchandproductioneffortsonotherfirms accesstotechnologicaladvanceGovernment internalizetheexternalitySubsidy valueofthetechnologyspillover 16 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Technologyspillovers industrialpolicy andpatentprotection IndustrialpolicyGovernmentinterventionintheeconomythataimstopromotetechnology enhancingindustriesPatentlawProtecttherightsofinventorsbygivingthemexclusiveuseoftheirinventionsforaperiodoftime 17 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PublicPoliciesTowardExternalities Command and controlpoliciesRegulatebehaviordirectlyRegulationMarket basedpoliciesProvideincentivessothatprivatedecisionmakerswillchoosetosolvetheproblemontheirownCorrectivetaxesandsubsidiesTradablepollutionpermits 18 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PublicPoliciesTowardExternalities RegulationRegulatebehaviordirectly makingcertainbehaviorseitherrequiredorforbiddenCannoteradicatepollutionEnvironmentalProtectionAgency EPA DevelopandenforceregulationsDictatesmaximumlevelofpollutionRequiresthatfirmsadoptaparticulartechnologytoreduceemissions 19 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PublicPoliciesTowardExternalities CorrectivetaxesandsubsidiesCorrectivetaxes Pigoviantaxes InduceprivatedecisionmakerstotakeaccountofthesocialcoststhatarisefromanegativeexternalityPlacesapriceontherighttopolluteReducepollutionatalowercosttosocietyRaiserevenueforthegovernmentEnhanceeconomicefficiency 20 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Whyisgasolinetaxedsoheavily NegativeexternalitiesassociatedwithdrivingCongestion accidents pollution 21 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Whyisgasolinetaxedsoheavily Thegastax correctivetaxDoesn tcausedeadweightlossesMakestheeconomyworkbetterLesstrafficcongestionSaferroadsCleanerenvironment 22 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Whyisgasolinetaxedsoheavily Howhighshouldthetaxongasolinebe MostEuropeancountriesHighergasolinetaxthanintheU S 2007 JournalofEconomicLiteratureOptimalcorrectivetaxongasoline 2 28pergallonin2005dollars 2 70pergallonin2012dollarsActualtaxintheU S in2012 50centspergallon 23 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Whyisgasolinetaxedsoheavily TaxrevenuefromagasolinetaxUsedtolowertaxesthatdistortincentivesandcausedeadweightlossesSomegovernmentregulationsProductionoffuel efficientcars unnecessary 24 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PublicPoliciesTowardExternalities TradablepollutionpermitsVoluntarytransferoftherighttopollutefromonefirmtoanotherNewscarceresource pollutionpermitsMarkettotradepermitsFirm swillingnesstopayDependonitscostofreducingpollution 25 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PublicPoliciesTowardExternalities AdvantageoffreemarketforpollutionpermitsInitialallocationofpollutionpermitsdoesn tmatterIffirmscanreducepollutionatalowcost SellwhateverpermitstheygetIffirmscanreducepollutiononlyatahighcost buywhateverpermitstheyneedEfficientfinalallocation 26 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PublicPoliciesTowardExternalities ReducingpollutionusingpollutionpermitsorcorrectivetaxesFirmspayfortheirpollutionCorrectivetaxes paytothegovernmentPollutionpermits paytobuypermitsInternalizetheexternalityofpollution 27 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse Figure4 TheEquivalenceofCorrectiveTaxesandPollutionPermits Inpanel a theEPAsetsapriceonpollutionbylevyingacorrectivetax andthedemandcurvedeterminesthequantityofpollution Inpanel b theEPAlimitsthequantityofpollutionbylimitingthenumberofpollutionpermits andthedemandcurvedeterminesthepriceofpollution Thepriceandquantityofpollutionarethesameinthetwocases a CorrectiveTax b PollutionPermits 28 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PublicPoliciesTowardExternalities Objectionstotheeconomicanalysisofpollution Wecannotgiveanyonetheoptionofpollutingforafee bylateSenatorEdmundMuskiePeoplefacetrade offsEliminatingallpollutionisimpossibleCleanwaterandcleanair opportunitycostLowerstandardofliving 29 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PublicPoliciesTowardExternalities CleanenvironmentisanormalgoodPositiveincomeelasticityRichcountriescanaffordacleanerenvironmentMorerigorousenvironmentalprotectionCleanairandcleanwater lawofdemandThelowerthepriceofenvironmentalprotectionThemorethepublicwillwantit 30 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PrivateSolutionstoExternalities ThetypesofprivatesolutionsMoralcodesandsocialsanctionsCharitiesSelf interestoftherelevantpartiesIntegratingdifferenttypesofbusinessesInterestedpartiescanenterintoacontract 31 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PrivateSolutionstoExternalities TheCoasetheoremIfprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresourcesTheycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirownWhatevertheinitialdistributionofrightsInterestedpartiescanreachabargaininwhichEveryoneisbetteroffOutcomeisefficient 32 2015CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse PrivateSolutionstoExternalities 1 Dickhasthelega