托福写作教程(新).ppt

托福写作教程 托福写作介绍 综合写作形式 读 听 写内容 阐明观点相互联系性分数权重 1 2时间要求 20分钟字数要求 150 225词 独立写作形式 议论文内容 对议题发表看法分数权重 1 2时间要求 30分钟字数要求 至少300词 托福写作分数换算 30282522201714 10987654 应试写作的三个层次 写得出写得对写得炫 应试写作难点 写作本身难度大 是驾驭一门语言的最高境界 属于信息的输出 是逻辑 语法 词汇 文化等的综合统一 应试写作难点 大脑一片空白基本无话可说绿叶对根的情意Doyouagreeordisagreethatprogressisalwaysgood Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer 应试写作难点 表达漏洞百出可读性相当差InChina becauseitstradition theoldismostraisedbytheirchildren InChina becauseofitstradition theoldaremostlysupportedbytheirchildren 应试写作难点 中式英语泛滥考官哭笑不得Pollutionmakesuscannotbreathefreshair Pollutionmakesusunabletobreathefreshair 应试写作难点 口语痕迹明显好似娓娓道来Isayit sagoodthing NowI lltellyouastoryaboutmyself 应试写作难点 表达捉襟见肘词句鲜有亮点 越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难 Moreandmorecollegegraduateswhohavejustgraduatedfromuniversityfindthatfindingagoodjobismoreandmoredifficult 越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难Agrowingnumberoffreshgraduatesfindthatobtainingadecentjobisincreasinglydifficult 越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难 Agrowingnumberoffreshgraduatesfindthatbeingemployedbyadecentemployerisincreasinglydifficult 越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难 Thedifficultyofbeingemployedbyadecentemployerisontherise asthenumberoffreshgraduatesgrows 托福独立写作评分标准 5分 文章切题 阐说充分 文章有说服力 段落组织有序 衔接紧密 过渡自然 有很强的逻辑性 段落内句与句连接顺畅 句式使用恰当 灵活 成熟 用词确切 得体 文章中有个别语法拼写错误 但不影响内容表达 4分 文章切题 阐说基本充分 在某些细节上有缺陷 段落层次组织有序 衔接紧密 过渡自然 逻辑性强 句间连接顺畅 句式使用恰当 灵活 用词基本得体 文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误 3分 文章切题 阐说尚可 展开不够 段落层次组织有序 衔接紧密 过渡自然 有逻辑性 句间连接基本顺畅 有部分句法错误 用词一般 有时不得体 词性区分和拼写等有若干错误 2分 文章切题 段落组织基本合理 有逻辑性 但只存在于语义层次上 语言表达上未能体现 句子框架结构基本成立 但有许多语法错误 句间联系不顺畅 往往是不善于使用逻辑连词 显得幼稚 生硬 词汇方面拼写错误多 常有用词不得体现象 1分 文章切题 阐说没有展开 只限于三言两语地回答问题 没有段落组织 很乱 长度很短 只有一段 句子排列有一定的逻辑关系 能看出各句基本框架 但结构或语法错误较多 用词不得题 拼写错误多 0分 文章各方面都有严重错误 句子不像句子 总体印象是根本没有写作能力 英语水平太低 够不上1分标准 只能打最低分 托福独立写作要求 谋篇 观点突出结构合理谋段 论证充分言之有物谋句 正确多变关联谋词 准确多变 托福独立写作题目分类 对比选择型支持反对型自选论述型问题分析型 托福独立写作的步骤 审题内容 形式 构思头脑风暴Outline行文检查ThefirstdraftofanythingisSHIT ByHemmingway 对比选择型 Somepeoplethinkthattheautomobilehasimprovedmodernlife Othersthinkthattheautomobilehascausedseriousproblems Whatisyouropinion Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer Outline For方便高效convenient efficient丰富生活enrichlifestyle推动相关产业boostrelatedindustries Against耗尽石油资源depletefuelresourcesworldwide空气污染airpollution交通阻塞和事故trafficjamandaccidents Structure结构 Introduction总起段Body主体段Conclusion总结段 Introduction总起段 Background背景Controversy 2different oppositeideas 争议Statement观点Transition过渡 Background背景 Beingacontroversialissue thegreatpopularityofautomobilehasarousedagreatdealofattentioninsocietyduringthepastdecades Nowadays theissueonthegreatpopularityofautomobileishighlydebatable andideasvaryfrompersontoperson Controversy争议 Somepeoplethinkthatitisgood otherpeoplethinkthatitisbad Somepeoplethinkthattheautomobilehasimprovedmodernlife Othersthinkthattheautomobilehascausedseriousproblems Controversy争议 Somewouldclaimdailylifehasbeenupgradedduetoautomobile whilesomeothersmaysuggestthatsevereproblemsaretheresults whichare broughtbyautomobile Somewouldclaimdailylifehasbeenupgradedduetoautomobile whiletheideathatsevereproblemsaretheresultsbroughtbyautomobileisstillheldbysomeothers Controversy争议 Think claim suggest believe advocate maintain argue supposeGood beneficial profitable helpful sound decentBad harmful detrimental hazardousAdvantage merit virtue benefit profit proDisadvantage demerit drawback flaw shortcoming con cost Statement观点 简洁明了concrete conciseAsforme Isidewiththeformer latter AsfarasIamconcerned Ibelieveautomobileisindispensableineverydaylife Inmyview itismuchbettertohaveeverydaylifewithoutautomobile Transition过渡 Inthefollowingparagraphs Iwouldpresentsomereasons Afewexplanations exampleswouldbepresentedasfollows Thusessentialandpersuasiveevidenceswouldbeprovidedinthesubsequentparagraphstoverifymyperspective Conclusion总结段 Statement观点rewrite notcopyAllinall Toconclude Inconclusion Ingeneral TosumupWhenalltheabove mentionedfactorsaretakenintoconsideration aconclusioncouldbedrawnthat Conclusion总结段 Frommypointofview itisadvisabletotakeadvantageofautomobilewhileeliminateitsdrawbacks FromwhereIstand automobilecannotbeanessentialfactorinpursuingaperfectlife Body主体段 Tobeginwith Firstly FirstandforemostSecondly Inaddition MoreoverInthethirdplace Furthermore Lastbutnotleast Outline For方便高效convenient efficient丰富生活enrichlifestyle推动相关产业boostrelatedindustries Against耗尽石油资源depletefuelresourcesworldwide空气污染airpollution交通阻塞和事故trafficjamandaccidents For IntroductionTobeginwith automobilemakessomeworkconvenientandefficient Inaddition automobileenricheslifestyle Furthermore automobileboostsrelatedindustries 让步段Conclusion For IntroductionTobeginwith itisconvenientandefficienttotravelbyautomobile Inaddition lifestylecanbeenrichedviaautomobile Furthermore automobileboostsrelatedindustries 让步段Conclusion 方便高效convenient efficient Tobeginwith itisconvenientandefficienttotravelbyautomobile Forexample fromdowntowntosuburb bycar itcostsafewhours Otherwise bybicycleoronfoot nearlyonedayisneeded Anywherearoundthecitycouldbereachedwithinoneday Itistheautomobilethatbringsabouturbanization 丰富生活enrichlifestyle Inaddition lifestylecanbeenrichedviaautomobile Withautomobile lifestylecouldbemorecolorfulandentertainingandliferadiusmaybeenlarged Travelingwidenshorizonandvisualizeswhatislearntinbooks Besides shoppingenablesonetorelievethepressureofworkandstudy Onlybyhisowncarcanonegoanywhereatanytime 推动相关产业boostrelatedindustries Furthermore automobileboostsrelatedindustries Nowitispossibletodeveloptourismandlogistics Fastspeedsavestime andlongdistanceisnolongerabarriertothetouristattractionsfaraway Besides freshfruitandvegetablecouldbedeliveredacrossthenationwithinafewdays andtheexpressindustrymaybebooming 让步段 Althoughautomobilemaysometimesseemtohavesomedemerits suchasleadingtodepletionoffuelresourcesworldwide airpollutionandtrafficjamandaccidents itsoverallprofitsfaroutweighitsdrawbacks 让步段 Despitethefactthattherearestillsomeflawsexisting suchasleadingtodepletionoffuelresourcesworldwide airpollutionandtrafficjamandaccidents automobileisprofitableonthewhole 一边倒Against IntroductionTobeginwith automobiledepletesfuelresourcesworldwide Inaddition automobileleadstoairpollution Furthermore automobileleadstotrafficjamandaccidents 让步段Conclusion 一边倒Against IntroductionTobeginwith fuelresourcesworldwidearedepletedduetoautomobile Inaddition airpollutionresultsfromautomobile Furthermore trafficjamandaccidentsareproblemsbroughtbyautomobile 让步段Conclusion 耗尽石油资源depletefuelresourcesworldwide Tobeginwith fuelresourcesworldwidearedepletedduetoautomobile Itisestimatedthatthegreatamountofcarsconsumemostfuel andtheproportionkeepsexpanding Humanbeingsareinthecrisisofoilshortage whichmayposeapotentialthreattotheworldpeace andtriggerconflictorevenwar 空气污染airpollution Inaddition airpollutionresultsfromautomobile Globalwarmingisaninternationalissue andthelargenumberofcarbondioxide whichis emittedfromcarsacceleratesglobalwarming Besides sulfurdioxidecontributestoworseningofairquality andthereforefreshairisnolongeravailable Andacidrainstemmingfromsulfurdioxidedestroysplantsinthefield 交通阻塞和事故trafficjamandaccidents Furthermore trafficjamandaccidentsareproblemsbroughtbyautomobiles Withtheever increasingnumberofcars citizenssuffertrafficjamgreatly Inrushhour bycar itusuallycosts30minutestocoverthedistanceoffiveminutes walk Moreover trafficaccidentsarefrequentlytheheadlinesofnewspaper Itisnotuncommonthattrafficaccidentsdisablesomedriversandpedestrians andevendeprivethemoftheirlives 让步段 Althoughautomobilemaysometimesseemtohavesomemerits suchasconvenienceandefficiency enrichinglifestyle andboostingrelatedindustries itsoveralldrawbacksfaroutweighitsprofits 让步段 Despitethefactthattherearestillsomemeritsexisting suchasbeingconvenientandefficient enrichinglifestyle andboostingrelatedindustries automobileisdetrimentalonthewhole 议论文的论点论据论证 常见的论证方法 举例 形象化 生动化 易于理解比较 中国人强调绝对 好就是好 很好就是很好 西方人强调相对 任何东西要放在整体的环境中看引用 itisreportedthat itissaidthat itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat itisrevealedbyofficialfigurethat 反证 从with这个角度不好想到 那么就从without入手 对比选择型 Somepeoplesaythatcomputershavemadelifeeasierandmoreconvenient Otherpeoplesaythatcomputershavemadelifemorecomplexandstressful Whatisyouropinion Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer 支持反对型 Doyouagreeordisagreethatprogressisalwaysgood Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer Background背景 Beingacontroversialissue theevaluationofprogresshasarousedagreatdealofattentioninsocietyduringthepastdecades Nowadays theissueontheevaluationofprogressishighlydebatable andideasvaryfrompersontoperson Controversy争议 Somewouldclaimprogresscontributesgreatlytoeverydaylife whiletheideathatprogresshasitsownflawsisstillheldbysomeothers Outline AgainstInternetTransportationSearchinginformationFastfood Thedramaticleapintele communicationandtransportationtotallytransformstheworld WithInternet onecanhaveinstantcommunicationwithhisfriendsorworkmatesondifferentcontinents andwatchliveNBAgamesathomeviasatellite Nevertheless humanbeingssuffergreatlyfromtechnologicalinnovation Thepaceoflifehasbeenaccelerated anditseemseverycitizen regardlessofastudent anemployeeoraboss isundergreatpressure Someadvanceintechnologyisphysicallydetrimental suchascomputerandInternet Longtimeexposurebeforescreenwillleadtonearsightedness Inaddition radiationcausesskinproblem andonemayeasilyleadasedentarylifeduetoInternet Advancedtransportationshortensthedistanceandresultsinglobalization However theenvironmentisseriouslypollutedbecauseofautomobilesandairplanes andfreshairandcleanwaterarenolongeravailable Humanbeingscannotreturntotheerawhencarriages whichdidnotgeneratecarbondioxideandsulfurdioxide werethemainvehicle Sotheenvironmentalpollutionandthedepletionofnaturalresourcesareinevitable Gradually theecosystemwillbeimbalancedandevenbreakdown Finally mankindcannotsurviveonthisplanet Someprivacyislostintheprocessofadvanceofsearchinginformation ThesearchcapabilityissopowerfulonInternetthatitcostsmerelyafewsecondstoidentifytheneededinformation Bycontrast atleastafewhoursarespentbyhandwork Meanwhile someprivateinformationcannolongerbekeptconfidential Andtheeffortless copyandpaste operationacceleratesthespreadofinformation Names ages IDcardnumbers addresses andphonenumberscouldbeeasilyobtainedfromInternet ItisnotuncommonthatonewillreceivemuchspamafterregisteringinawebsiteandleavingE mailaddress andthesamesituationhappenswhenmobilephonenumbersaregivenawayaccidentally allofwhichwillcausesometroubleduetosomeevilpurposes Itisconvenientandefficienttohavefastfood Incontrast traditionalfoodistime consumingandusuallycostsseveralhourstohaveonemeal Inthecurrentfast pacesociety fastfoodsolvestheproblemwell Onecanfinishamealwithin10 20minutes savingmuchtimeandenergy However fastfoodisphysicallydetrimental Lackingvitaminandminerals fastfoodalwayscontainsmuchfatandcalories Consequently mostoverweightproblemisduetoexcessiveintakeoffastfood andlittlenutritionandunbalanceddietendangerhealth 支持反对型 Ithasrecentlybeenannouncedthatalargeshoppingcentermaybebuiltinyourneighborhood Doyousupportoropposethisplan Why Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer Outline For就业机会jobopportunities休闲娱乐recreation丰厚收入largeincomeandrevenue Against噪音污染noisepollution不稳定因素socialunstability交通阻塞trafficjam 支持反对型 Insomecountries teenagershavejobswhiletheyarestillstudents Doyouthinkthisisagoodidea Supportyouropinionbyusingspecificreasonsanddetails Outline For积累经验accumulateexperience学会技能learnskills培养责任感developresponsibility Against浪费时间timeconsuming分散注意力distractattention误入歧途maygoastray 自选论述型 Agift suchasacamera asoccerball orananimal cancontributetoachild sdevelopment Whatgiftwouldyougivetohelpachilddevelop Why Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyourchoice Outline 学习知识acquireknowledge培养责任感developresponsibility解除寂寞relieveloneliness Introduction总起段 Itisbelievedthatintheformativeyearsofchildren agiftisverybeneficial However preferencesvaryfrompersontoperson Frommyview Iwouldpickapet Andafewreasonswouldbepresentedasfollows 学习知识acquireknowledge Childrencanacquireknowledgeviapetraising Usually whatisleantintextbooksissuperficialandchildrencannothaveavividimpressionontheinformation Playingwithpetsenableschildrentoknowmoreaboutanimalsandthenature andmaystimulatetheirinterestinbiology Itislikelythattheywilldecidetohavefurthereducationorresearchintherelateddomain 培养责任感developresponsibility Petraisingdevelopsresponsibility Mostchildrenfromsingle childfamiliesarealittlespoiledbecausetheirparentslovetheminacrazyandblindway Childrenover protectedbyparentsmayhaveacarefreelife andcanobtainwhatevertheydemandwithouteffort suchaspocketmoney toysanddigitalproducts However theyhavenoideaonwhatresponsibilityis Therefore childrenareencouragedtoraisepettofulfilltheirduty whichisofvitalimportancewhentheybecomeparentsinthefuture 解除寂寞relieveloneliness Lonelinesscanberelievedbykeepingpet ItisnotuncommonthatinChina duetoitsone childpolicy achildalwaysfeelslonelyathome especiallyduringvacations ashedoesnothaveanysiblings Notsurprisingly hewouldresorttoInternet playingon linegamesandleadingasedentarylifealldaytokillthetime Withapet thesituationdiffersdramatically Hecanplaywiththepet takeawalk andissupposedtofeedthepet Timespentontheseactivitiesismuchmoreworthwhileandmeaningfulthanonidling Conclusion总结段 Inconclusion Iwouldregardpetasthebestgifttoachildforhisgrowth Fewchildrencanresistlovingapet 自选论述型 Ifyoucouldmakeoneimportantchangeinaschoolthatyouattended whatchangewouldyoumake Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyouranswer 问题分析型 Ingeneral peoplearelivinglongernow Discussthecausesofthisphenomenon Usespecificreasonsanddetailstodevelopyouressay Outline 丰富营养richnutrition先进医疗advancedmedicine体育锻炼physicaltraining Introduction总起段 Background背景Statement观点 Background背景 Accordingtoarecentsurvey theaveragelifespanextendsrapidly andthisissuehasarousedgreatpublicattention Itisreportedthatlongevityprevailsamongtheelderly whichattractsgreatpublicconcern Statement观点 Itisthegoalofthisessaytoexploresomepossiblecausestotheproblem phenomenon Conclusion总结段 Statement观点rewrite notcopyAllinall Toconclude Inconclusion Ingeneral Tosumup manyfactorscontributetothedramaticexpansionoflifespan Itisestimatedthatlongerlifeisnotadreamaslongasmedicinekeepsdeveloping andtheimportanceofhealthishighlyemphasized 丰富营养richnutrition Longevitypartlycomesfromrichnutrition Itiswidelyacceptedthatnutritionplaysanessentialroleinmaintaininghealthy Inthepast starvationwasthemainthreattolife andadequatefoodwasthecommonwish sonutritionwasalwaysignored Currently itisknownvitamin minerals proteinandfiberallhavetheircontributiontohealthydietandlongevity Theseingredientsstrengthenthefigure andhelpthelong termoperationofsomeorgans 先进医疗advancedmedicine Theadvanceofmedicineresultsinlongerlifespan Manybreakthroughsoverthedecadesarenowsimplytakenforgranted andhavepreventedmanydiseaseswhich inbygonedays ledtoearlydeaths suchassmallpox Eventhoughnocertaincurehasyetbeendiscoveredforheartattackandcancer thelatesttechnologiesusedinvarioustreatmentsandoperationsaswellastheuseofnewmedicationshavegreatlyincreasedthechancesofsurvivalforpatients Doctorsareabletocontrolthespreadofvirusesorcells preventingtheworseningofdisease 体育锻炼physicaltraining Physicaltrainingcannotbeignoredaswell Inearlydays whenthelivingstandardwaslow everyonewasbusyworkingtomakealiving andnorecreationwasavailableatthattime Nowadays technologydevelopssodramaticallythatworkissimplifiedandburdenisrelived Thus onehashisfreetimetodophysicaltraining Itissaidthereisapositivelinkbetweenamountofexerciseandlifespan Thereisnodoubtthoseelderlywhodoexerciseseverydayinearlymorningusuallyhavelongerlifespan 问题分析型 Manystudentshavetolivewithroommateswhilegoingtoschooloruniversity Whataresomeoftheimportantqualitiesofagoodroommate Usespecificreasonsandexamplestoexplainwhythesequalitiesareimportant 托福写作遣词用句常见错误 中式英语主谓不一致句子不完整句子成分多余时态语态使用错误 词性理解错误单词使用错误倒装和平行结构从句使用错误错误大杂烩 中式英语 Environmentalpollutionhurtspeople shealth Environmentalpollutionisphysicallyharmful detrimental 中式英语 Ifhavenoelectricity wecan tdoanything Wecandonothingwithoutpower 中式英语 Ihaveawish Iwishworldpeace nowars thisalsoisthewishofpeopleinthewholeworld Iwishworldpeace withoutwars whichisthewishofpeopleworldwideaswell Iwishworldpeace withoutwars andthisisthewishofpeopleworldwideaswell 中式英语 Non stopstudyingknowledgeisveryimportant Itisveryimportanttokeepacquiringknowledge Itisofvitalimportancetokeepacquiringknowledge 中式英语 Wemusttakeactivesolutionstocontrolenvironmentalpollution Activesolutionsshouldbetakentocontrolenvironmentalpollution 中式英语 Ifyoudonotpayattentiontoenvironmentalproblems youmustsufferhugelosssoonerorlater Ifwedonotpayattentiontoenvironmentalproblems wemustsufferhugelosssoonerorlater Ifenvironmentalproblemsarenotgivenenoughattention hugelossisinevitable 中式英语 Gamestakeuptoomuchtimeofstudents andignorelearning sportsandevenfamily Studentsspendtoomuchtimeongames andignorelearning sportsandevenfamily 中式英语 Pollutionmakesuscannotbreathefreshair Pollutionmakesusunabletobreathefreshair Pollutiondisablesustobreathefreshair Pollutionpreventsusfrombreathingfreshair 中式英语 Pleasegivemeareplyifyouareconvenient Pleasegivemeareplyifitisconvenientforyou Pleasegivemeareplyifyouarefree 中式英语 E mailmakespeopleeasierandquickertoknoweachother E mailmakesiteasierandquickerforpeopletoknoweachother 中式英语 Internetiseasiertosearchinformationthanlibrary ItiseasiertosearchinformationonInternetthanlibrary ItiseasiertosearchinformationonInternetthanitisinlibrary ItiseasiertosearchinformationonInternetthaninlibrary 中式英语 Thepresentsituationbecomesseriousandserious Thepresentsituationbecomesmoreandmoreserious 中式英语 Onewillbedangerousifoneriskshelpingtheadventureroutwhenthesituationisunclear Itwillbedangerousifoneriskshelpingtheadventureroutwhenthesituationisunclear Onewillbeendangered indangerifoneriskshelpingtheadventureroutwhenthesituationisunclear 中式英语 Theoldareinevitabletohavegenerationgapwiththeirchildren Itisinevitablefortheoldtohavegenerationgapwiththeirchildren 中式英语 Overseasstudymakesstudents eyeswider Overseasstudywidens broadensstudents vision horizon 中式英语 MyMP3cannotlisteneventhoughithasmuchelectricity MyMP3cannotworkeventhoughitisfullycharged 中式英语 Peoplen