AppendixIStrategies

Worksheet 练习练习 1 Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary tree that is distinct from the one that led to humans But they constantly astonish researchers with 41 behavior that seems pretty highly evolved Their social organization and 42 practices could have been the model for the phrase It takes a village A dominant male and female breed and their babies are carefully looked after by extended family members who then aren t free to breed themselves A new study further 43 the marmoset s reputation for admirable community values Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones 44 than when they re surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members In complex societies where individuals band together for 45 protection researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior But specific acts like sharing a delicious cricket 蟋蟀 with a begging baby marmoset seem to need more 46 explanation One possibility is that an individual practices 47 as a means of enhancing his status among peers By 48 that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away this do gooder enhances his power within the group That in turn may 49 prospective mates The other explanation for charitable behavior 50 that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership which offers some future promise of a chance to mate Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of 51 partners Scientists call this the pay to stay model Importantly for both of these models to work acts of kindness must have a n 52 That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings away from judging eyes a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself And yet in 2 581 tests conducted with 31 adult and 14 baby marmosets the 53 appeared to be true Anthropologists 人类学家 from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd an adult would share his or her cricket When alone with a baby begging for a taste adult marmosets shared their cricket 85 of the time When in a group caregivers offered up their cricket 67 of the time Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or 54 avoidance the study authors reported Rather it is driven by a deep down motivation to help that is more 55 expressed when individuals are alone with young 41 A animal B careful C social D individual 42 A evolving B communicating C organizing D parenting 43 A shines B damages C affects D protests 44 A at play B in private C on schedule D by accident 45 A adequate B effective C continual D mutual 46 A creative B complex C specific D official 47 A generosityB wisdom C independence D governance 48 A promising B demonstrating C pretending D explaining 49 A count on B go after C appeal to D benefit from 50 A assumes B confirms C enhances D concludes 51 A regular B dominant C potential D previous 52 A atmosphere B audience C feedback D judge 53 A statistics B expectations C argument D opposite 54 A responsibility B punishment C arrangement D difficulty 55 A strongly B casually C delicately D fearlessly Skill 1 1 Eating fast food makes people impatient even when they are not short of time a new study claims Students in the study became 41 even when shown the logo of burger chain McDonald s so quickly on screen that they could not recognize it 41 A hungry B stressful C anxious D timid 2 Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining customers The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny In practice most companies marketing effort is focused on getting customers with little attention paid to 61 them says Adrian Payne 60 A beliefs B loyalty C habits D interest 61 A altering B understanding C keeping D attracting Skill 2 1 Expensive works of art are often stored in protective boxes complete with detectors to monitor humidity and temperature levels and to protect them from sun damage or other 45 such as a spilled cup of coffee And if you do put it on your wall then your insurance costs are likely to be high 45 A accidents B appliances C measures D drinks 2 The BeiDou project was set up in 1994 The first BeiDou satellite was not launched until 2000 Now 42 there are already more than 20 BeiDou satellites in orbit They form a 43 network that provides positioning navigation and timing services for China and several other Asian countries 43 A continental B local C domestic D regional Skill 3 1 AlphaGo has struck again defeating Ke Jie the world s number one Go player 3 0 After his defeat the young Chinese prodigy said AlphaGo sees the 41 of Go while he could only see a small area around him 41 A fun B secret C universe D potential 2 Don t get sick in July This is a common concern in teaching hospitals in the U S It s driven by the academic calendar July is when the new interns fresh out of medical school start work In other words it s when everyone is most 41 41 A innocent B productive C inexperienced D prohibited 练习练习 2 Worn out cells eventually stop dividing Cells divide many times throughout their lives But they cannot do it 41 Once they have reached the 42 of their reproductive powers they enter a state called senescence in which they carry on performing their duties but stop making new copies of themselves For years it was 43 that apart from their refusal to divide senescent cells were 44 identical to their replicating companions There is mounting evidence though that this is untrue One study in 2016 reported that senescent cells in the kidneys and heart produce a protein that causes nearby healthy tissues to 45 Another study published in Nature this week suggests the accumulation of senescent cells within the brains of mice causes the animals to develop neurodegenerative 神经退化的 diseases and that the 46 of these cells can help prevent them Working with a team of colleagues Dr Baker obtained a population of mice that had been genetically engineered to quickly develop fibrous tangles of protein in their brains These tangles are associated with the 47 in mental abilities caused by diseases like Alzheimer s When the mice were four months old Dr Baker collected brain tissue from some and found senescent cells 48 in the hippocampus a seahorse shaped region of the brain involved with learning and memory By six months old they built up in the cerebral cortex as well as were the tangles that are associated with neurological degeneration To see what role if any senescent cells were playing in their decreasing brainpower Dr Baker genetically altered some mice so that their senescent cells could be 49 with a twice weekly dose of a specific chemical That left a subgroup of mice that still genetically tended to develop neurological diseases but which also had their brains cleared of senescent cells By the time these mice reached six months old the tangles were almost entirely 50 When the mice were presented with objects they had 51 before they approached them without hesitation as healthy mice should In contrast mice whose brains were full of senescent cells approached the objects 52 as if they had never seen them before Mice are not people It remains to be seen whether clearing 53 cells from human brains could have similar 54 and the next project in his lab is to explore whether clearing senescent cells from the brains of mice that are already 55 the murine 鼠科 version o