北师大版必修四unit10不定式讲解及练习.doc

Unit 10 不定式 Page 7 of 7一、不定式的句法功能1. 作主语：To see is to believe. It is quite right for you to give up smoking right away.2. 作宾语：He wanted to go. I find it interesting to study spoken English by watching movies.3. 作表语：To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 4. 作宾语补足语：He asked me to do the work with him together.5. 作定语：He is looking for a room to live in.6. 作状语：We were very excited to see you. (原因) He hurried to the school only to find nobody there. (结果) To stay with her for a while, you would find her a very kind lady. (条件) I came here to see you. (目的) In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard. (目的) Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? (结果) We ran all the way so as not to be late for the concert. (目的)7. 作主语补足语：Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.二、不定式的时态和语态主动被动一般to do to be done进行to be doing/完成to have doneto have been done完成进行to have been doing/1. 一般式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或在谓语动词动作之后发生。 主动：I saw him enter the room. He was seen to enter the room. 被动：I was invited to the party to be held in the roof garden.2. 进行式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行。 主动：They seemed to be eating something. I am very glad to be working with you.3.完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生。 主动：Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long. I heard you have finished your work. Tom was heard to have finished his work. 被动：The song seems to have been sung for many times. 4.完成进行式表示其动词所代表的动作，在谓语动词所代表的动作之前一直在进行 主动：The students are said to have been studying for almost two hours without a break. They are quite happy to have been staying with us till now.三、三点注意1. 不定式用在介词but, except, besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。如：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.2. 不定式用在下面动词后作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，如：I often hear him sing the song. 但是这些句子如果为被动语态，则to不可省，如：He is often heard to sing the song. （get）五看-see/watch/notice/observe/look at；三使-have/make/let；两听-hear/listen to；一感觉-feel3. 不定式做表语时，一般要带to，但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，to可省。如：Weve missed the last bus. All we could do now is walk home.四、疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如：When to leave for London has not been decided yet. （主语）Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. （宾语）I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. （宾语）The question was where to get the medicine needed. （表语）五、不定式、动名词和分词作表语的比较。（一）、不定式作表语1. 不定式作表语一般表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作。What I would suggest is to start work at once.2. 如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。To see is to believe.To work means to earn a living.3. 如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.（二）、动名词作表语，表示习惯性的、一般的、抽象的或泛指的行为。Our work is serving the people.His hobby is collecting stamps.(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。（三）、分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式；表示“感到”都用-ed形式。这类词常见的有： delighting delighteddisappointingdisappointedencouragingencouragedpleasingpleasedpuzzlingpuzzledsatisfyingsatisfiedworryingworriedshockingshockedconvincingconvincedboringboredconfusingconfusedamazingamazed（四）、要把动名词的复合结构看成一个整体。它有四种形式：形容词性物主代词动名词；名词s动名词；代词宾格动名词；名词动名词。动名词的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时，不能用、两种形式；无生命名词不能用第种形式，无论是作主语还是作宾语。动名词的复合结构，实际上是给动名词加了一个逻辑主语。如： HisJacks not getting to the station on time made all of us worried. Do you mind mymeJacks Jack leaving now?六、不定式的特殊句型 “tooto”1. too前有否定词，则意为“不太” 如：Its never too late to mend. 2. too前面有only, all, but, rather时，意为 “非常”，等于very。如：Im only too pleased to be able to help you.He was but too eager to get home.七、不定式在easy、difficult等形容词后作状语，用主动形式表被动。如：One of the benefits of the new model is that it is easier to operate than the old one.八、不定式主动表被动的情况1. 在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中，且主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语。这时，可以看成是省略了不定式的逻辑主语 for us, for one, for you, for me等。例如：That question is difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to work out. These apples are good to eat. 当上述形容词在句中作宾语补足语，后接不定式时，不定式也用主动表被动。如： I found him easy to get along with. They dont think the game interesting to play. I find the lecture difficult to understand. 但若要强调句中的受事者，也可用不定式的被动式：The handwriting is difficult to be read.适合此结构的形容词：hard, amusing, interesting, cheap, difficult, dangerous, easy, nice, important, good, pleasant, comfortable, heavy, light等 2. 在too.to. 和 enough to结构中。如： The passage is too hard to translate. The box is too heavy to move. This book is cheap enough to buy. 但若要强调句中的受事者，也可用不定式的被动式：This box is too heavy to be lifted.3. 不定式短语作后置定语，且与其逻辑主语间为主动关系时。如：I have a meeting to attend today. Do you have anything to say? He gave me some books to read.但如果主语不是不定式的逻辑主语，则需要用不定式的被动形式。如： Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your parents?4. There be 句型中，用来修饰主语的不定式多用主动式。如：Theres nothing to do now. (=We have nothing to do now) Theres nothing to see. (Nothing worth seeing)注意： 若用不定式的被动式，则表示不同的含义。比较：Theres nothing to be done. (= We can do nothing now) Theres nothing to be seen. (Nothing there at all)5. 在下列句型中，to let, to blame, to seek等用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如： The house is to let. 这栋房子要出租。 Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁？ The reason is not far to seek. 理由不难找到。 A lot remains to do. 还剩下许多事情要做。 不同的人采用不同的说法：房屋的主人会说：The house is to let. 而经纪人可能会说：The house is to be let. 以下句子表达不同的概念：You are to blame.你应该负责/这是你的过错。 You are to be blamed.你该受到责备。blame vt.责备；归咎于n.责备；责任；过失1. blame sb. 指责，责备某人。如：You dont have to blame yourself. Alice shouldnt be blamed by us.2. blame sb. for sth./doing sth. 为某事责备某人。如：He blamed his father for his failure.Many children are afraid of being blamed for making mistakes in speaking English.His companion, blamed for the accident, had not been driving carefully.3. blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人。如: She blamed the failure of their marriage on him.Its no use blaming our defeat on him.The police blamed the traffic accident on Jacks careless driving.4. be to blame (for) 应(为)承担责任；该(为)受责备。注意此处不能用被动语态。如: The children were not to blame for the accident. I am in no way to blame.Who is to blame for starting the fire? He is more to blame than you.练： for the break down of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirit.1. This company was the first portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world. A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced2. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, it more difficult. A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make3. Helen had to shout above the sound of the music. A .making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D .to make herself heard4. I dont know whether you happen , but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September. A .to be heard. B. to be bearing C .to hear D .to have heard5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only the film stars had left. A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told6. You were silly not your car. A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked7. The teacher asked us so much noise. A .dont make B. not make C. not making D .not to make8. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered clear warnings before firing any shots. A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued9. Id rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than a room with someone else. A. to share B. to have shared C. share D. sharing10. The bank is reported in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday. A. robbed B. to have been robbedC. being robbed D. having been robbed11. A number of paintings in the castle are believed in a fire. A. being destroyed B. having been destroyedC. to be destroyed D. to have been destroyed12. The meeting next week is sure to be a great success. A. to take place B. to be taken placeC. to have taken place D. being taken place13. As a result of my laziness, I failed my work in time. A. and finishedB. to finishC. and finishingD. to finished14. I am sorry written you a letter at the time. A. to have notB. to not haveC. not to haveD. not having15. Will you lend him a magazine ? A. to be readB. for readingC. to readD. he read16. He could do nothing but for the bus . A. wait, to come B. wait; come C. waiting; coming D. waited; came17. It is a problem that doesnt need right now. A. to solveB. solvingC. being solvedD. to be solving18. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means trouble. A. making B. to make C. to have made D. having made19. I remember him the bike needed . A. hearing, saying, to repair B. to hear, say, to repair C. hearing, say, repairing D. to hear, saying, to be repaired20. Robert is said to abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 21. - You should have thanked her before you left. - I meant , but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere. A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so22. Im going to Xian next week. Have you anything to your parents? A. to take B. to be taken C. to be bought to D. to buy23. When are they in their plan?A. hand B. handed C. to hand D. handing24. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they .A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survived D. will survive25. When we hurried to the station, there happened no bus at that time.A. to have B. to be C. having D. being26. I lost my way in complete darkness and, matters worse, it began to rain.A. made B. having made C. making D. to make27. At time does the salesgirl get up late in the morning, though she is always too busy a good rest. A. no, to take B. no, taking C. any, to take D. one, taking28. -Are you a student?-No, but I used . A. to be B. to was C. to do D. to be a29. I stopped to listen, and my son seemed himself in the living room. A. to enjoy, to shut B. to be enjoying, shutting C. to be enjoying, shut D. to have enjoyed, having shut30. With a lot of difficult problems , the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled31. Were leaving at six oclock, and hope most of the journey by lunch time. A. to do B. to have done C. to make D. to have made32. The study of the wild world may help to make the world easier . A. understood B. to be understood C. to understand D. understand33. Who will you get the project for us? A. design B. to design C. designed D. designing34. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government know . A. it what to do with B. what to do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it35. We are not allowed outdoors with some other children. A. playing B. to be playing C. to play D. be playing36. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was to carry all the way home. A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much37. She feels so strongly that each of us should have a role in making the earth a better place to live in. A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing38. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person . A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to39. Do let your mother know all the truth, she appears everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told40. There are five pairs , but Im at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing41. The problem is difficult for us . A. so; work out B. very too; to be worked out C. rather too, to work out D. quite too, to work it out42. -Where should I my application? -The personnel office is the place . A. send; to send it B. send for; to send it to C. send for; for sending it D. send; to send it to43. Ive worked with children before, so I know what in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. expects D. to be expecting44. I feel it is your husband who for the spoiled child. A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame45. this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar, and 175 g flour. A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making46. I feel it an honor to speak here. A. to be asked B. to ask C. having asked D. asked47. -Whats the matter with John? -He didnt pass the test but he still . A. hopes so B. hopes to C. hope it D. hope that48. Much attention should be paid peoples living conditions. A. in improving B. to improve C. improving D. to improving49. that evening was due to his illness. A. He failed to come B. That he failed to coming C. His failure to come D. His failure in coming50. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B.