英语考前知识清理（原文）

英语考前知识清理英语考前知识清理 名词从句名词从句 040506070809101112 xWhat do you expect she has gotxwhatwhatwhatxWhoever 解题方法 看横线后的动词缺什么成分 一般选 what 比较多 1 缺主语 what who which 2 缺宾语 what whom which 3 缺表语 除 that if whether 外 4 主谓宾表都有 先 that 再 if whether 后 when where why how 5 注意 疑问词 ever 要点 1 分四个从句 主语 动词前 宾语 动词 介词后 表语 be 动词后 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容 由连词 that 引导 不担任成分 也可有 when how where 等引 导 常用的名词如 fact news idea hope thought question order fear doubt word proof belief story 等 3 It 作形式主语 宾语的情况 it s important obvious necessary that it s a fact pity that it s said reported that it appears seems that 4 that 不能省略的情况 主语从句放句首 and 连接的第二个宾语从句 the reason why that which is was that 5 if 和 whether 的区别 whether 的用法较多 whether to do whether or or not 介词 discuss 后 whether 主语从句 表语从句中 6 no matter 引引导状语从句 wh ever 的引导名词从句和状语从句 7 尤其要注意句子中有插入语的情况 I believe think 定语从句 040506070809101112 xwherewhosewhereabove whichwherewherewhichas 解题方法 先找先行词 注意含插入语情况 再看先行词的范围 后分析句子所缺成分 1 缺主语 that 范围人 物 时间 地点 原因 which 范围人 物 时间 地点 原因 as 与 the same such 连用 who 范围人 2 缺宾语 that which whom 3 缺定语 whose 名词 the 名词 of which 物 whom 人 4 主谓宾表都有 when where why 介词 which 5 先行词本身的意思所指代的范围 that 指人 物 时间 地点 原因 which 范围指人 物 时间 地点 原因 一件事 as 一般与 the same such 连用 who 范围人 whom 指人 whose 指人 物 when 指时间 where 指地点 why 指原因 介词 which 指时间 地点 原因 要点 1 概念 放在名词后面的从句 有限制和非限制之分 非限制就是有逗号的 解题一定要找到横线前面真正的名词 因为有时候名词和从句间有插入语 找到名词后弄清名词是指人 还是物 是时间 还是地点 还是指一整句话 注意选项里面的词就等于你找到的那个名词 最后看横线后缺的是主语 还是宾语 还是状语 2 定语从句不选 what how if whether it 逗号后和介词不选 that that 作宾语可省 3 which 和 as 也可指一件事情 但是放在非限制从句有逗号分开的 such the same 后常用 as which 不放句首 如果逗号后有 and 或逗号变成了分号 那么就选 it 或 them 等代词了 4 尤其注意当先行词是时间 地点的情况 除了选 when where 外 还有介词 which that which 主要是看句子中缺的是主语 宾语还是状语 相当重要 I will never forget the day when we met there 可用 on which This is the house where I was born 可用 in which 5 定语从句的主谓一致 与先行词的单复数一致 One of 名词复数 谓语动词用单数 One of 名词复 数的定语从句用复数 the only one of 名词复数的定语从句用单数 6 介词 which 的介词怎么选 一看介词本身意思 of 有所属关系 二看短语的固定搭配 7 Is this 开头的定语从句 Is this 后面没有 the 则选 the one 有 the 则选关系词 8 限制性定语从句只能用 that 的几种情况 当先行词是 anything everything nothing something 除外 few all none little some 等代词时 或者是 由 every any all some no little few much 等修饰时 当先行词被序数词修饰 被形容词最高级修饰时 被 the very the only 修饰时 当先行词前面有 who which 等疑问代词时 当先行词既有人 也有动物或者物体时 9 the way 后加 in which 或者 that 或者不用引导词 先行词是 situation position case business point 且在从句中缺状语时用 where 10 一般选 where 比较多 类 别 区 别例 句 定语 从句 与 并列 句 定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于 并列句有像 and but so 等并列连词 或两个句子用分号连接 这时就不能 再用引导定语从句的关系词了 Mr Li has three daughters none of is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters but none of is a dancer 从结构上看 小题是定语从句 故填 whom 小题有并列连词 but 是并列句 故填代词 them 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词 而 状语从句没有先行词 This is the place where we used to live a few years ago 这是几年前我们居住的地方 定语从句 先行词为 the place Let s go where we can find a better job 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧 地点状语从句 定语从句修饰 限制 说明名词 只 能放在先行词的后面 而状语从句说 明动作发生的情况 并且可以放在主 句的前面 Do you know the time when the class is over 你知道下课 的时间吗 定语从句 It was already five o clock when the class was over When the class was over it was already five o clock 当下课时己经是 5 点了 时间状语从句 定语 从句 与 状语 从句 When where 和 why 在引导定语从句 时可以用 介词 which 的结构来 替换 在引导状语从句时却不行 This is the factory in which where his father once worked 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂 定语从句 Put back the book where it was 把书放回原处 状语从 句 定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某 种句子成分 因此去掉它则从句成分 不完整 而结果状语从句中的连接词 在从句中不作任何成分 去掉后从句 的成分仍然完整 It is such an interesting book as we all like 它是我们大家 都喜欢的如此有趣的书 as 用作动词 like 的宾语 它引导的是定语从句 It is such an interesting book that we all like it 它是一本如此有趣的书 我们大家都喜欢它 that 不充当句子成分 故它引导的是结果状语从句 状语从句 040506070809101112 beforewhenbeforeoncewhenwhenbeforewhenUnless 1 状语从句中主谓宾表等成分不会缺少 只缺一个做状语的连词连接句子 记住连词的意思就 OK 2 常见连词意思 When 就在当时 在那时 既然 当 时候 when 的句式如下 be about to do sth when be doing sth when on the point of doing sth when had done sth when sb did sth While 表示对比 然而 尽管 Before 在 之前 未等到 过多久才 趁 before 的句式如下 It will be 段时间 before sb do sth 没多久就 It was 段时间 before sb did sth by the time 到 为止 与过去完成时 将来完成时连用 as soon as the moment the minute immediately directly instantly 一 就 hardly scarcely had sb done sth when sb did sth no sooner had sb done sth than sb did sth eg 1 Scarcely hardly had he gone when she appeared 他一走她就出现了 2 Hardly had we arrived when she started complaining 我们刚到 她就开始抱怨起来 2 now that 既然 Since 的句式 It is has been 段时间 since sb did sth It was 段时间 since sb had done sth 定语 从句 与 同位 语从 句 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词 对先行词起修饰 描述或限制的作用 与先行词之间有从属关系 同位语的 作用相当于名词 对前面的名词给予 补充说明或进一步解释 是前面名词 的具体内容 与先行词之间是同位关 系 The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴 同位语从句 此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句 The news is that he passed the exam The news that he told us interested all of us 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣 定语从句 The news that he told us 是定语从句 此句不能改写为 The news is that he told us 定语 从句 与 强调 句 强调句的结构为 It is was 被强调 部分 that 从句 被强调部分可以 是除谓语以外的任何成分 当被强调 部分是人时 还可用 who 代替 that 这一句型中 一定不能因为被强调部 分是表时间或地点的词就用 when 或 where 代替 that It is on the morning of May 1st I met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory Mr Wang works 从结构上看 小题是强调句 故填 that 小题则是定语从句 用上述方法转换便知 the factory 前差个介词 in 故填 where 3 unless 除非 once 一旦 in case 以防 万一 as long as so long as 只要 on condition that 条件是 假如 suppose supposing that 假如 provided providing that 假如 seeing that 考虑到 granting that 即使 saving that 除了 除非 assuming that 假使 admitting that 虽说 即使 presuming that 假使 considering that 考虑到 4 so that 以便 为的是 in order to so as to 为了 as if as though 好像 in order that so that 为了 for fear that lest 以免 唯恐 5 so that 如此 以至于 such that 如此 以至于 so 形 副 that so 形 副 a an 可数单数名词 that such 名词 that such a an 形 副 可数单数名词 that so many much few Little 名词 that such 名词复数 不可数名词 that such lots of a lot of 名词 that 6 though although 虽然 不与 but 连用 但可与 still yet 连用 though 还可单独使用 放在句子末尾 然而 可是 even if even though 即使 尽管 动 名 形 副 as though 主 谓 尽管 no matter what whatever no matter who whoever no matter which whichever no matter when whenever no matter where wherever no matter how 形 副词 however 形 副词 非谓语动词 040506070809101112 to be told passing to get offere d blamed filling improved having waited seated reminded marking sending stuck founded to hold being attacked realizing 1 选项中出现 以下形式的题是考非谓语的题 考作状语 定语和宾补的比较多 to do to be doing to be done to have done to have been done doing being done having done having been done 过去分词 done 2 解题 注意主语或横线前面的名词 前后两句话的主语是一样的 主语 名词与选项是主动还是被动关系 注意主动表被动的情况 选项的动词与横线后的动词的时间关系 有先后就要用非谓语的完成形式 3 to do 三层意思 表目的 为了 表将来 表意外的结果 only to do doing 的意思 表动作正在进行 表伴随关系 自然而然的结果 done 表被动和完成的意思 只接不定式 做宾语的动词 hope want offer long fail expect wish ask decide pretend manage agree afford determine promise happen 只接动名词 做宾语的动词 或短语 mind miss enjoy imagine practise suggest finish escape excuse appreciate admit prevent keep dislike avoid risk resist feel like succeed in be fond of object to get down to be engaged in insist on think of be proud of take pride in set about be afraid of be tired of look forward to devote oneself to be worth be busy pay attention to stick to两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin start like love hate prefer continue 接不定式多指具体的动作 接动名词多指一般或习惯行 为 意义相反need want require 主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系 接动名词主动形式表示被动意义 若接不定式则应用被动形式 两 者 都 可 以意义不同stop to do 停止手中所做的事 去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 remember forget regret to do 指动作尚未发生 remember forget regret doing 指动作已经发生 go on to do 接着做另外一件事 go on doing 接着做同一件事 try to do 设法 努力去做 尽力 try doing 试试去做 看有何结果 mean to do 打算做 企图做 mean doing 意思是 意味着 意义不同 4 形容词最高级 序数词后 to do Eg 1 He was the first runner to pass the finishing line 他是第一个冲过终点线的赛跑者 2 She is the youngest swimmer to swim across the channel 她是游过那个海峡的最年轻的游泳者 表语形容词后用 to do 主动表被动 difficult easy hard interesting pleasant nice bitter fit dangerous light heavy important 等 eg 1 The picture is pleasant to look at 2 The sentence is not easy to understand 3 The street was difficult to find on the map sb sth be said reported to do to be doing to be done to have done to have been done 5 need require want doing to be done The washing machine needs repairing 或用 needs to be repaired 这台洗衣机需要修理 The point wants referring to 这一点要提到 This English novel is worth reading 这本英文小说值得一读 The situation in Russian required studying 俄国形式需要研究 6 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用 如 He gave us some advice on how to learn English 7 有些动词如 make let see watch hear feel have 等与不带有 to 的不定式连用 但改为被动语态时 不 定式要加 to 如 I saw him cross the road He was seen to cross the road 8 形容词性物主代词 人称代词宾格 所有格 doing 独立主格结构 前后两句话主语不一样时 在非谓语动词前加自己的主语 Eg 1 The work done After the work had been done we went home 工作完成后 我们就回家了 2 Weather permitting If weather permits they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow 如果天气允许 的话 他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游 9 现在分词 不定式 过去分词都可以作独立成分现在分词 不定式 过去分词都可以作独立成分 generally speaking 一般说来 一般说来 frankly speaking 坦白地说 坦白地说 judging from by 根据根据 来判断 来判断 considering taking into consideration 考虑到考虑到 to tell you the truth 说实话 说实话 seeing 考虑到考虑到 supposing 假设 如果 假设 如果 providing 如果 如果 given 考虑到 鉴于 考虑到 鉴于 provided that 如果如果 10 常用不定式做主语的句型有 1 It s difficult important necessary for sb to do 2 It s kind good friendly polite careless rude cruel clever foolish brave of sb to do 3 常用动名词做主语的句型有 It s no good use fun doing It s a waste of time one s doing It s worth while doing 11 固定搭配 have sb do doing sth have sth to do done get sb to do get sth done leave sb doing sth with sth done be faced with compared to with be lost in be dressed in given judging by from to begin with to be honest exact generally speaking 时态语态时态语态 04050607 were waiting have reached had leftis taking off were declared 主将从现 has worked was watching 0809101112 have seenmakes have been polluted have been promised will be doing had receivedWas sorting 1 选项中出现以下形式的是考时态语态 is was are were doing have has had done did will do will be doing 2 解题主要看时间 再考虑一下主动还是被动 过去的就和过去有关 现在的就是现在 将来的就是将来 其中 have has done have has been doing 是跨时间的 过去到现在 had done 跨过去的过去 3 现在进行时表将来 现在进行时加 always constantly 有语气 时间条件从句中主将从现 4 主动表示被动的下面主动形式常表示被动意义 1 不及物动词与状语连用 用以表示主语的品质和状态 常见动词是 cut sell read write fill cook lock wash 等 This knife cuts well 这把刀好切 These books sell well 这些书好卖 The pen writes smoothly 这支笔写起来流畅 Meat won t keep long in such hot weather 肉在这样热的天 气里放不长久 The cloth washes well 这种布好洗 2 一些连系动词的主动式 形容词 常见动 look smell taste sound feel prove turn out 等 The apples taste good The flower smells wonderful The news proved turned out true Cotton feels soft 情况 5 不用被打语态的情况 take part in belong to own have hate fail contain 等表状态动词没有被动语态 lose heart make a face keep silence lose in thought 这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式 不能用被动式 6 一般选过去时间多 have done 2 一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较 将来时用 法例 句 1 be doing 进行时 表将来 go come start move leave arrive 等词可用进行时表示按 计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south Are they leaving for Europe 2 be about to 动词 原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就 要发生的动作 后面一般不 跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell rang The meeting is about to close 3be to 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方 意见 We re to meet at the school gate at noon 4一般现在时表将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就 定好的事情 可用一般现在 时表示将来 The meeting starts at five o clock The plane leaves at ten this evening 情态和虚拟语气 040506070809101112 should have told needn t have donecan tcancanxxmustWould have visited 表示能力的情态动词用 can could A computer think for itself it must be told what to do A can t B mustn t C may not D might not 表示许可时用 may might can could 都可以 但在问句 中用 could 或 might 以使口气委婉客气 其回答 一定要用 can 或 may 以使 回答口气明确 must 表示一 定 必须 mustn t 表示禁止 不许可 Could I call you by your first name Yes you A will B could C may D might Johnny you play with the knife you hurt yourself A won t can t B mustn t may C shouldn t must D can t shouldn t 表示 能力 许可 的 can 和 may 在肯定句中 could 不可以用 来表示过去某一特定场合的 能力 而要用 was were able to The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out A had to B would C could D was able to 在肯定句中都可以用来表示 可能 在含义上 must 语气最 肯定 may 表示的是事实上的 可能性 Peter come with us tonight but he isn t very sure yet A must B may C can D will 而 can 表示的是逻辑上的可能性 Mary is in poor health She can be ill at any times 在否定句中只能用 can 和 may 所以 can t 时用以代替 mustn t 语气比 may 更肯定 中文可以翻译为不可能 Michael be a policeman for he s much too short A needn t B can t C should D may 表示 推断 判断 的 can may must 在疑问句只能用 can 不能用 may 和 must He may be very busy now Can he be very busy now He must be very busy now Can he be very busy now need need 作为情态动词只有一种 形式 只用于否定句和疑问 句 dare dare 作为情态动词用时有两 种形式 dare 和 dared 两个 词形 除了可以用于否定句 和疑问句外 还可以用于条 件从句或表示怀疑的句子中 If he dare come I will kick him out I don t know whether he dare say 注意 He doesn t dare to answer the question 否定句 Does she dare to enter the dark room 疑问句 用于第一人称 征求对方的 意见 What shall we do this evening shall 用于第二 三人称 警告 命令 允诺 威胁等 You shall fail if you don t work harder 警告 He shall have the book when I finish reading 允诺 He shall be punished 威胁 should 劝告 建议 命令 应该做 道义上的责任 You should ought to go to class right away I should ought to help him because he is in trouble 请求 建议 would 比 will 委婉客气 Would you pass me the book will would 表示意志 愿望和决心 I will never do that again They asked us if we would do that again 情态动词的重点知识 1 情态动词 have done 形式 是对过去发生的事情的推测 没有 mustn t have done 形式 could have done 过去能做未做 can t couldn t have done 过去不可能做 should ought to have done 过去该做未做 shouldn t oughtn t to have done 过去不该做做了 needn t have done 过去不必做做了 must have done 过去一定做了 2 can could 能力 可能 may might 也许 should 应该 must 一定 need 需要 can t couldn t 不可能 may might not 可能不 shouldn t 不应该 mustn t 不准禁止 needn t 不必 3 shall 法律文件中的命令 威胁 警告语气 must 偏偏要 硬要的语气 should 竟然语气 4 虚拟语气虚拟语气 if 的虚拟 时间一致 时间不一致 不同时间的虚拟 各遵守各的规则 If he had listened to me he would not be in trouble now If he had told me yesterday I should know what to do now If I were you I would have gone to her birthday party 混合 虚拟 条件 句 虚拟与陈述的混合 各遵守各的规则 He could have passed the exam but he wasn t careful enough You should have come earlier The bus left a moment ago if 省略将虚拟条件从句中的 were had should 放到主语之前 构成主谓倒装 1 Should he come tell him to ring me up 2 Were I you I would not do it 3 Had I been free I would have visited you If 变成 but for otherwise But for your timely warning we into great trouble You know we re friends would 可表示过去反复发生 的动作或某种倾向 During the vacation he would visit me every week The wound would not heal 伤口老是不能愈合 would 表示估计或猜想 It would be about ten when he left home What would she be doing there could have done 本可以做 而实际上未能做 You could have done better but you didn t try your best cannot have done 表示对现 在或过去行为的否定推测 He cannot have been to that town can 主语主语 have done 表示 对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定 用在疑问句中 Can he have got the book might may have done 对过 去发生的行为不太肯定的推 测 He may not have finished the work If we had taken the other road we might have arrived earlier must have done 对过去发 生的行为肯定的推测 其否定式为 cannot have done You must have seen the film You cannot have seen the film needn t have done 本来不 必要做的而实际上又做了 You needn t have watered the flowers for it is going to rain 注意 注意 didn t need to have to do 没有必要做而实际上也没有做 I didn t need to clean the windows My sister did it 2 hours ago 情态 动词 have done 的用 法 should ought to have done 本来应该做而实际上又没有 做 其否定形式表示某中行 为不该发生却发生了 You should have started earlier but you didn t She shouldn t have taken away my measuring tape for I worked to use it 注意 He should have finished the work by now 表推测 A would get B must have got C would have got D can t have got 虚实结合 一般选 had done 从句 would have done 主句 Wish eg I wish I could be a pop singer I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month if only eg If only our dream had come true as if 的虚拟 与现在事实相反与现在事实相反 He talks as if he knew where she was 与过去事实相反与过去事实相反 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before 与将来事实相反与将来事实相反 He opened his mouth as if he would say something 注意 注意 as if as though 引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气 引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气 当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时 当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时 It sounds as if it is raining 听起来像是在下雨 听起来像是在下雨 He talks as if he is drunk 从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了 从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了 would rather sb did sth would rather sb had done sth would rather 所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式I would rather you stayed at home now would rather do sth would rather have has done It s time that sb did sth should do sth eg It s high time that we left should leave 一个坚持两个命令三个建议四个要求 的虚拟 选 should do 或 should be done should 可以省略 5 考对过去时间的虚拟多 集中选 had done would have done should do should be done 强调句强调句 040506070809101112 that xxxxxxx 1 一般看到题目中开头是 It is was 或者 It s 时 选 that 看看是不是强调句 直接去掉强调句式 It is was 和 that 后 看看剩余的部分还能组成一个完整的句子吗 能就是强调句 如果 It is was 或者 It s 后面有介词 时间 地点 或者时间后 ago later 时一般是强调句 否则选 before since when 2 陈述句 It is was 被强调的部分 that who 原句其它部分 疑问句 Is Was it 被强调的部分 that who 原句其它部分 Did this happen in Beijing Was it in Beijing that this happened 特殊问句 特殊疑问词 Is Was it that who 原句其它部分 Where were you born Where was it that you were born 3 考强调句的基本句型 陈述句 疑问句 特殊问句 考强调句的 Not until 形式 It was not until that It was not until 12 o clock last night that my father came home 被强调的范围是其它从句 即结合主语从句 定语从句 状语从句考查 还有可能强调动名词 为了避免重复 在回答的时候把强调句中 that 引导的部分 省去了 4 强调动词的时候用 do did does 动词原形 务必 一定 Do sit down 务必请坐 He did write to you last week 上周他确实给你写了信 Do be careful when you cross the street 过马路时 务必 千万 要小心啊 在强调主语时 that 后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的 It is I who am a teacher 即使被强调的主语是复数 主句中的谓语动词也用单数 It is they who often help me with my lessons 倒装句倒装句 040506070809101112 x was the computer repaired so much that so was it xxcame voicesxhave I had 一 全部倒装 整个动词放在主语前 1 地点状语 方向词 here there in out up down away back now then ahead 放句首且主语是名词 In front of the house stopped a police car Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island Under the tree sat a boy 2 such 这就是 放句首 Such was Albert Einstein a simple man of great achievements 阿尔伯特 曼因斯坦就是这样一个人 一个纯 朴而又取得巨大成就的人 Such is life 生活就是这样 3 全部倒装一般不用进行时态 同时也要注意主谓一致关系 因为主语在后面了 There goes the bell 铃响了 Now comes your turn to play 现在轮到你玩了 二 部分倒装 是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前 如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态 动词 则需添加助动词 do does 或 did 并将其置于主语之前 也就是主语在两个动词的中间 1 表示否定意义的副词 介词短语和连词词组置于句首 not never seldom hardly rarely little scarcely few not only but also neither nor no sooner than scarcely than hardly when by no means In no time in no case on no account under no circumstances at no time in no way 巧记 1 not only but also no sooner than scarcely than hardly when 前倒后不倒 Not only was everything that he had taken away from him but also his German citizenship 不仅他所有的一切被 没收了 而且连他的德国公民权也被剥夺了 No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep Hardly Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep 2 neither nor 前倒后也倒 3 not until 状语从句 主倒从不倒 Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the