英国文学史及选读1_2册复习大纲

Part 1 The Anglo Saxon Period 449 1066 秧格鲁 秧格鲁 撒克逊时期撒克逊时期 1 Historical Background Celts 400B C Romans 50B C Anglo Saxons 450A D Norman Invasion 1066A D Roman empire 从 albion 撤军 teutonic tribes 包括 angles Saxons jutes 条顿人 or 日耳曼 人 陆续登陆此地 2 Literature 1 pagan异教徒文学异教徒文学 2 christian基督徒文学基督徒文学 alliterative verse头韵诗头韵诗 Epic Beowulf 贝奥武甫贝奥武甫 Denmark 背景 the hall heorot 鹿庁 grendel a monster half human 1 Oral origin recited in court handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet 上下部分由 pagan 写 插入由 christian 写 2 a mixture of history and legend england s national epic 民国史诗 Part II The Anglo Norman Period 1066 1350 秧格鲁秧格鲁 诺曼时期诺曼时期 1 Historical Background Roman conquest 接着是 english conquest 最后是 norman conquest The Norman Conquest in 1066 Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I King of England the battle of hastings 希斯廷战役 Kings Barons 男爵 Knights a feudal system of hierarchy 统治集团 was formed 2 The language Upper classes French Latin The common people Old English Three languages co existed in England French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities and Old English was spoken only by the common English people 3 The literature Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight It reflected the spirit of chivalry 骑士制度 The content of romance love chivalry and religion It involves fighting adventures Subject matter Geoffrey s History 杰弗里 史记 riming chronicles 押韵编年史 metricalverse 格律诗 体 doggerel verse 打油诗体 1 the Matter of France eg Charlemagne and his peers 查理曼大帝和他的骑士 2 Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder 亚历山大大帝 3 Matter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 3 main literature Sir Gawain and the green knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士高文爵士和绿衣骑士 arthur gawain green knight morgain the fay woman 妖精摩根 the green girdle 绿腰带 Part III Geoffrey Chaucer 1340 1400 杰弗里杰弗里 乔叟时期乔叟时期 1 Historical Background He was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain In 1350 AD 100 Years War between England and France The English won they controlled large French territory 领土 The Henry VI lost it all He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455 1485 AD 2 What s middle ages like 1 The medieval society hierarchy 等级制度 social system 2 Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity 基督 God centered thinking mind ideology 思想体系 3 Life and work of Chaucer Chaucer lived between 1340 1400 His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family Chaucer is working in a royal family as a page 小侍臣 He married the sister of Gaunt s wife He became a government official He is very much exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture E G Dante 但丁 Patriarch 主教 Boccaccio the Decameron 薄伽丘著 十日谈 Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico syllabic verse 乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌 开创了英国文 学以重音 音节为基础的格律诗先河 首创 heroic couplet 英雄双行体 His career can be divided into several periods 1 French 1360 1370 translate French poetry 2 Italian 1372 1386 3 English The Canterbury tales 4 The Canterbury tales He got his stories from various sources Greek authors Roman authors Italian French but there is no doubt about Chaucer s originality He retells the stories in his own way The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury Pilgrims 朝圣者 tell stories to pass the time The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun 修女 Her enthusiasm for grace trying to become someone that she is not she cannot possibly be Pretentiousness pretending 伪装 too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters 第一句 as soon as april pierces to the root the drought of march and bathes each bud and shoot The significance of his writing 1 it gives a comprehensive 广泛的 picture of Chaucer s time 2 the dramatic structure 3 Chaucer s humor 4 Chaucer s contribution to the English language Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes and Latin was the language of the learned and the church Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language He increased the prestige 威信 of the English language 5 Popular ballads 大众民谣大众民谣 A ballad is a narrative 叙述 poem that tells a story It is about particular incidents usually dramatic Ballets tell stories about tragic 悲剧的 incidents They are written in a special musical pattern ballad meter four meters couplets 相连并押韵的两行诗 two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗 ababcdcd Characteristics 1 The beginning is often abrupt 突然地 No introduction of the characters and the background of the tale 2 There are strong dramatic elements A ballad deals with a single episode 插曲 3 the story is often told through dialogue and action 4 the theme is often tragic 悲剧的 5 The ballad meter is used It contains four line stanza 节 段 在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯 帕西主教 Bishop Thomas Percy 他将 民谣收录到 英诗辑古 Reliques of Ancient English Poetry 中 Robin Hood and Allin a Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔罗宾汉和阿林代尔 Get Up and Bar the Door 起来去关门起来去关门 Sir Patrick Spens 派屈克 斯宾塞爵士派屈克 斯宾塞爵士 Part IV The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期 1 Historical Background 1 The reign of Queen Elizabeth 1558 1603 England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity 2 The defeat of the Spanish Armada 舰队 by the English navy in 1588 After the battle England gradually became a mighty naval 海军的 power 3 Humanism 人文主义 Renaissance it is a French word that means rebirth 复活 in English In the 15th and 16th century scholars in western European countries had a keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture That is the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect 忽略 Humanism The welfare 幸福 of human being is very important It emphases the worth of life in this world and the dignity of human being 4 主要作者介绍 Thomas More Utopia 托马斯 莫尔 乌托邦 Thomas Wyatt 怀亚特 把 sonnet 十四行诗引入英国第一人 Edmund Spenser the Fairy Queen 埃德蒙 斯宾塞 仙后 John Lyly Eupheus 约翰 黎里 艳词 首创 euphuism 绚丽体 Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗 马洛 把 blank verse 无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达 方式的开创者 English drama 是英国文艺复兴的主流 2 The writers William Shakespeare 1564 1616 1 His life and work 1592 arrived in London doing very mean jobs then he joined Lord chamberlain s 国王侍 从 company became very famous He became a shareholder 股东 in the Globe and bought a big house in his hometown He bought a coat of arms for his father 出生地 Stratford on Avon Warwickshire 2 poems 37 plays 154 sonnets His plays 1 Histories and comedies 2 Tragedies 3 Romances The importance of his writing more can be added 1 Shakespeare represented the tread 脚步 of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people peace 2 Shakespeare s humanism His plays reflected the spirit of his age 3He was a great poet 4 He was a master of the English language 5 His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI 6 Hmalet 哈姆雷特 Othello 奥赛罗 King Lear 李尔王and the Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白 are regarded as Shakespeare s four great tragedies Hamblet 讲的是丹麦故事 反映的是英国的事情 主要人物 Claudius 克劳迪斯 死去国王的弟弟 Queen Gertrude 乔特鲁得 王子的母 亲 Polonius 波洛琉斯 爱说闲话的官员 Ophelia 奥菲利亚 官员的女儿 Laertes 雷 欧提斯 官员的儿子 The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 主要人物 Bassanio 巴萨尼奥 Antonio 安东尼奥 Shylock 夏洛克 a wealthy Jew 犹太人 Portia 鲍西亚 Bassanio s girlfriend Jessica 杰西卡 shylock s daughter Lorenzo 罗兰佐 Bassanio s friend and Jessica s boyfriend Nerissa 尼莉莎 Portia s waiting woman 侍女 Gratiano 葛莱西安诺 Bassanio s another friend and Nerissa s boyfriend 地点 Belmont 贝尔蒙特 Sonnet 18 The first eight lines shall I compare thee to a summer s day thou art more lovely and more temperat The English summer warm not hot gives people a happy feeling lots of sunshine Proposing a comparison Even better to a summer s day Rough winds nature The duration 持续 of summer ends very soon Hot the sun Summer is beautiful but it will change into winter But change This poem is similar the Spencer 斯宾塞 s sonnets Spencer is using tide 潮水 time Shakespeare is using summer time Sonnet 29 The first eight lines when in disgrace with fortune and men s eyes I all alone unlucky unfortunate despised by other people Describes his unfavorable condition therefore he is very sad Line 9 12 The author the lark 云雀 His great happiness the memory of his friend brings his happiness Magical effect Francis Bacon 十七世纪初 英国的杰出散文家 十七世纪初 英国的杰出散文家 1 his life Pope 蒲柏 descibed him as the wisest brightes meanst of mankind Bacon s work may be divided into three classes the philosophical the literary and the professional works The final edition of essays contains 58 essays 2 writing Of Truth 谈真理 Of Studies 谈读书 Part V The 17th century The period of revolution and restoration 17 世纪资产阶级世纪资产阶级 与王政复辟时期与王政复辟时期 1 Historical Background 1 English Bourgeois Revolution英国资产阶级革命 During the reign of Elizabeth England enjoyed a time of prosperity and fast development James I Stuart 斯图亚特王室 a change of Dynasty all the conflicts which has started during Elizabeth reign has come into surface James I imposed 担负的 heave taxes on businessmen bourgeoisie he controlled the manufacture product monopoly 垄断 but people believed in free trade King VS The Parliament has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans 清教徒 2 the persecution迫害者 of the Puritans Charles I was beheaded 砍头 After the civil War the parliament was in power Crowell 克 罗韦尔 became the Lord 君主 Protector 1653 Charles II and restoration James II William Orange singed The Bill of Rights which greatly restricted 约束 the power of the English King The civil war has transformed the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch The revolution period is also called puritan age because the English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak 2 literature 这一时期的四约翰 John Milton 弥尔顿 John Bunyan 班扬 John Donne 多恩 John Dryden 德莱顿 成为文坛杰出人物 metaphysical poet 玄学派 and French drama 的影响成为两个重要的文学概念 The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton in the prose 散文 writing of Bunyan and also in the plays and literary criticism 文学评论 of Dryden Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century One gave us the only epic 史诗 since Beowolf the other gave us the only great allegory 寓言 2 Writers John Donne 玄学派代表人物 John Milton Paradise Lost 失乐园 consists of 12 books it s based on the biblical legend invovlves Adom 亚当 and Eve 夏娃 Satan 撒旦 in his plot The character of Satan 撒旦 既是英雄又带点邪恶色彩的反叛者形象 we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction 毁 灭 by the flaw 缺点 of slef love 1 his good mastery 熟练 of Latin His writing of English is much influenced by his use of Latin 2 revolutionary enthusiasm His attempt to throw tyranny 暴政 and gain freedom His language Long complex sentence structures Allusions 影射 references to Bible history mythology 神话 Some sentences begin in the middle or at the end Some are inverted John Bunyan The book The pilgrim s Progress 天路历程 it s written in the old fash ioned medieval form of allegory and dream 采用的旧体形式 大量运用了中世纪时的比喻和梦 的形式 In the Pilgrim s Progress the story begins with a man called Christiam 基督徒 setting out with a book in his hand and a great load 负荷 on his back from the city of Destruction 毁灭城 The fair England the persecution 迫害 of the faithful the persecution of the puritans 清 教徒 Christ 基督 Vanity 虚荣心 Fair Heaven Style simple straightforward Biblical 圣经的 The Vanity 虚荣心 Fair an Excerpt 摘录 from Part 1 The Pilgrim s Progress Part VI The 18th Century The Age of Enlightenment in England 英国启蒙运动时期英国启蒙运动时期 1 Historical Background In 1688 the constitutional 宪法的 monarchy 君主制 The monarch was deprived 剥夺 of its ruling power and in his place Parliament 议会 became the actual leader of the country England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country Parliamentary parties the liberal Whig 自由派辉格党 the conservative Tory 保守派托利党 on the extreme of Toryism was a third part of zealots called the Jacobites who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne 托利党中的狂热分子形成第三方势力被称作詹姆斯派 妄图 恢复斯图亚特王朝 All the struggles violence has come to an end with the coning of the weak kings People desire peace and stability Any extreme actions are regarded as irrational 无理性 The puritan s revolution is treated as extremist action excessive 过度的 zeal 热情 and subversion 颠覆 irrationality 不合理性 absurdity 荒谬 People wish that their actions were controlled by reason Moderation 温和 tolerance 宽容 restraint 约束 rule 规则 order 次序 these qualities are the most important With the rising of bourgeoisie the cultural life had undergone 经历 remarkable changes Some special features 1 political writings 2 newspapers and journals 杂志 3 coffeehouse 4 the new morality 道德 5 science and technology Newton 牛顿 s scientific discovery men were living in a mechanistic 机械地 world which ran as precisely 精确地 as a clock 6 the French influence 18 世纪的英国文学进入了一个散文 prose 而不是诗歌的时代 文学主流是现实主义 小说是主要的文学样式 Authors 1 Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔 笛福 作者介绍 He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel 开创了现代 派小说的先河 Work Hymn to the Pillory立伽颂立伽颂 a set of doggerel verses 打油诗 The life and strange surprising adventures of robinson crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记 robinson named Friday to the saved victim 此书根据 Alexander Selkirk 经历改编 The features of his works he is anti romantic anti feudal realistic writer He often use long sentences without strong paused to give his style an immediate quliaty but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity 明朗 2 Jonathan swift 乔纳森 斯威夫特 1 life He was born in Dublin 都柏林 爱尔兰首都 He was the most remarkable satirist 讽刺家 in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois aristocratic 贵族的 society of his age with mercy 宽容 he supports the conservative Tory 2 works the tale of a tub木桶的故事木桶的故事 is a satire on religion Gulliver s Travels格列弗游记格列弗游记 包括 4 部分 1 Lilliputians 厘厘普特人 矮人 2 tBrobdingnagians 伯罗白丁拉格人 giants 3 the flyingisland of Laputa 拉普特 飞岛 on the island the ingenious invention is used not for the benefit of the people but against them 4 Houyhnhnms 胡己姆 horses endowed with human intelligence and a virtue much superior to that of men 比人聪明 也比人品格高尚 And Yahoo 雅虎 repellent creatures with the outward appearance of human beings 长 相像人 行为丑陋 A modest proposal一个小小的建议 一个小小的建议 is made to English government to relieve 消除 the poverty 权力 of irish people 强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫 The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swift s great sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at English landlords 地主 3 Joseph Addison 约瑟夫 爱迪生 Life he is the central figure of coffeehouse meetings he support whigs 作为 The Tatler 闲谈者闲谈者得主要撰稿人和 the Spactator旁观者旁观者得合办者 他把期刊散文艺术期刊散文艺术发展到极致 这两本杂志 brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome 健康 These two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers Sir Roger 是他塑造的经典形象 4 Henry Fielding 亨利 菲尔丁 英国十八世纪最伟大的小说家 主要作品 Jonathan Wild乔纳森 威尔德 乔纳森 威尔德 the history of tom jones a foundling弃婴汤姆 琼斯的故事弃婴汤姆 琼斯的故事 amelia阿米莉亚阿米莉亚 5 Thomas Gray 托马斯 格雷 浪漫主义运动的先驱 主要作品 Elegy written in a country churchyard 墓园挽歌 表达了对农民贫苦遭遇的同情 歌颂了他们的质朴品质 前几句是 the curfew tolls the knell of parting day the lowing herd wind slowly o er the lea 6 Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗 歌尔德斯密斯 he was born in Ireland As an essayist 散文家 he is among the best in the century As a poet he makes the riming couplets 英雄双行体 as natural and simple as his prose 主要作品 novel the vicar of wakefield维克菲德尔的牧师 维克菲德尔的牧师 comedy She stoops to Conquer委曲求全委曲求全 essay the critizen of the world世界公民世界公民 poems The traveler旅行者旅行者 and the Deserted Village 荒村荒村 7 Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德 布林斯里 谢里丹 主要作品 讽刺喜剧 the rivals对手 对手 the school for scandal造谣学校 造谣学校 presents a brilliant portrayal 描绘 of england s high society and a biting satire on the morals and manners of that age 主要人物 Charles 查尔斯 Joseph 约瑟夫 charles brother sir oliver surface 奥利弗 萨费恩 their wealthy uncle 8 William Blake 1757 1827 1 Life He lived into the 19th century In his lifetime he was not considered a very important poet Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature His father recognized his talent and sent him to school His visionary 梦想的 experience Classicism 典范 reason order law art techniques He believed the power of imagination With it a poet can reach out Blake and Burns 彭斯 the romantic revival 复活 to break away with the convention 习俗 协议 2 His work Songs of Innocence天真之歌天真之歌 delight Songs of Experience经验之歌经验之歌 confusion 困惑困惑 They show two contrary states of human souls London I wander thro each charter d street near where the It is taken from The Songs of Experience Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive 综合的 picture of the many miseries physical and spiritual in the English capital 资本家 Background industrial revolution the fog city The scene was in London in Blake s time The Tiger tiger tiger burning bright in the forests of the night It is from The Songs of Experience It is one of Blake s best known poems The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement What imagination inspires the creator 1 The image of the maker is complete the process of creating tiger Religions allusion 暗指 lamb 羊羔 The whole poem is consisted of questions are not able to be answered The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子扫烟囱的孩子 a little black thing among the snow cring weep weep in notes of woe The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney 9 Robert Burns 罗伯特 彭斯 the greatest Scottish poest 主要作品 my heart s in the highlands 我的心呀在高原 John Anderson my jo 约翰 安徒生 我爱 a red red rose 一 朵红红的玫瑰 to a mouse 致小鼠 Part VII The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期 A new movement appeared in the literary area with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌抒情歌 谣集谣集by William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯 and Samul Taylor Coleridge 柯勒律治 in 1798 Coleridge s chief contribution was his masterpiece The rime of the ancient mariner古舟子咏古舟子咏 1 Histor