应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry I Comprehension 1 C 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 B II Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets 1 The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose 2 Science is an ever increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated 3 Life after all is only chemistry in fact a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet 4 People are made of molecules some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex 5 Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death 6 Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life although many of us are not fully aware of this III Translation 1 a chemical process b natural science c the technique of distillation 2 It is the atoms that make up iron water oxygen and the like and so on and so forth and otherwise 3 Chemistry has a very long history in fact human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times predating recorded times 4 According to From the evaporation of water people know realized that liquids can turn be change into gases under certain conditions circumstance environment 5 You must know the properties of the material before you use it IV Translation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一 另外两种是物理和生物 自从宇宙大爆炸以化学是三种基础自然科学之一 另外两种是物理和生物 自从宇宙大爆炸以 来 化学过程持续进行 甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果 人来 化学过程持续进行 甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果 人 们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果 第一步非常快第一步非常快 其余两步相当慢 这三其余两步相当慢 这三 步是 步是 I I 物理进化 化学元素的产生 物理进化 化学元素的产生 IIII 化学进化 分子和生物分子的 化学进化 分子和生物分子的 形成 形成 和 和 IIIIII 生物进化 有机物的形成和发展 生物进化 有机物的形成和发展 V Solution 1 The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams 124 1223 H1 6735 10 0 083986 C1 9926 10 If the mass of a 12C atom is exactly 12 amu then the mass of a 1H atom to five significant figures must be 1 0078 amu 12 amu x 0 1 0078 amu 2 First we calculate k and then use the first order rate equation 4 0 4 3 4 0 693 1 21 10 5730 log 2 303 1 0001 21 10 log 0 4772 303 2 303log2 09 6 1 106100 1 21 10 kyr yr A kt A yr t tyr yr The bone was tossed away more precisely the animal whose bone was died about 6100 years ago or about 4100 B C We can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances I Comprehension 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 C 5 B II Give the systematic name for the following ammonium ion copper II ion strontium ion Ccopper I ion iron II ion zinc ion hydrogen ion lead II ion aluminum silver ion magnesium ion chromium III ion Barium Manganese II ion iron III ion calcium ion mercury II ion chromium II ion tin II ion carbon monoxide ditrogen trioxide carbon dioxide diphosphorus pentoxide sulfur trioxide dichlorine heptoxide arsenate ion sulfite ion hydride ion arsenite ion bromide ion hydroxide ion phosphate ion chlorate ion hypochlorite ion phosphate ion chloride ion iodate ion carbonate ion chlorite ion nitrate ion chromate ion cyanide ion iodide ion dichromate ion fluoride ion nitrate ion oxide ion hydrogen carbonate ion nitrite ion sulfide ion hydrogen sulfate ion perchlorate ion sulfate ion hydrogen sulfite ion permanganate ion III Complete the table FormulaOld nameSystematic name FeOiron II oxide Fe2O3iron III oxide Sn OH 2tin II hydroxide Sn OH 4tin IV hydroxide Hg2SO4mercury I sulfate HgSO4mercury II sulfate NaCLOsodium hypochlorite K2Cr2O7potassium dichromate Cu3 AsO4 2copper II arsenate Cr C2H3O2 3chromium IV acetate IV Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion negative ion Use the rule to give the name of the following acid Formula of acidOld nameName of acid H2CO3carbonic acid HClO2chlorous acid HClO4perchloric acid HCNhydrocyanic acid HBrhydrobromic acid H4SiO4silicic acid H3AsO4arsenic acid V Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence 1 is altered 2 To illustrate 3 indicates 4 should expect 5 would cancel 6 are pulled 7 depend on 8 are referred 9 formed 10 have discussed VI Translation 1 Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed eliminated 2 It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question 3 Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid liquid or gas 4 The experiment was successful It s results was the same as what we had expected 5 It will not be long before we finish the experiment VII Write equations for the following acid base reactions Use the information in inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products Partially Solved Solutin to a Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN It can accept a proton from formic acid COHH O CN COH O CNH formic acid stronger acid cyanide stronger base formate weaker base weaker acid Reading from inorganic textbook formic acid pKa 3 76 is a stronger acid than HCN pKa 9 22 and cyanide is a stronger base than formate The products weaker acid and base are favored VIII Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium ammonia solution Answer 1 2CH3GeH3 2eam H2 2CH3GeH2 2 I2 2eam 2I 3 C2H5 2S 2eam NH3 C2H5S C2H6 NH2 Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons I Comprehension 1 C 2 D 3 B 4 A 5 B 6 B II Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system 1CH3 CH2 nCH3 n 2 3 4 6 respectively butane pentane hexane octane 2 CH3 2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH32 methylpentane 3 CH3 3C CH2 CH C2H5 CH2 CH34 ethyl 2 2 dimethylhexane 4 CH3 2CH CH2CH2 CH CH2CH2CH3 CH CH3 2 5 isopropyl 2 methyloctane 5CH3 CH2 CH2 C CH2CH2CH3 2 CH CH3 24 isopropyl 4 propylheptane 6 CH2 CH CH3 2 isobutylcyclobutane 7CH2 C C2H5 CH CH3 2 2 ethyl 3 methyl 1 butene 8CH3 CH2 CH CH CHCl CH32 chloro 3 hexene 9 CH3 CH CH3 CH C2H5 C C CH3 4 ethyl 5 methyl 2 hexyne 10 CH2 CH C CH 1 buten 3 yne 11 CH3 2CH CH2CH OH CH34 methyl 2 pentanol 12CH3CH2CH CHCH OH CH33 hexen 2 ol 13 CH3 3C OH2 methyl 2 propanol 14 CH3 3C OCH2H52 ethoxy 2 methylpropane 15 CH3 2CH CH2 O C2H51 ethoxy 2 methylpropane 16 CH2OH 21 2 ethanediol 17CH3 CH OH CH2 OH 1 2 proanediol 18CH2 OH CH OH CH2 OH 1 2 3 propanetriol 19CH3CH2NH2aminoethane 20CH3CH2CH2CH CH3 CH NH CH3N methyl 1 amino 2 methylpentane III Draw structures for the following compounds 13 octeneC C C C C C C C 23 methy 2 heptene 3cyclohexene 42 pentyneC C C C C 53 3 dimethylhexyne 63 bromotolueneCH3 Br 7vinyl chlorideC C Cl 8acetyleneC C 9para dichlorobenzene ClCl 10m chlorobromobenzene Cl Br 11toluene CH3 12chlorobenzene Cl 131 2 dibromobenzene Br Br 14naphthalene 15anthracene 16phenanthrene 172 methyl 1 propanol CCCOH C 18Cyclohexanol OH 19Methoxyethene CCOC 20trans 2 ethoxycyclohexanol OH OC2H5 IV Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence 1 A1 A 2 A2 A 3 B3 B 4 C4 C V Each of the following names is incorrect Draw the structure represented by the incorrect name or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous and give your drawing the correct name Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives I Comprehension 1 B 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 A 6 C II Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below 1 brought out 2 dozen or so put together 3 are made of divided by 4 are different from 5 on the contrary consist of 6 summed up 7 stand for 8 such as 9 are dependent on 10 break down into III Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks 1 with as 2 to 3 about 4 from 5 into IV Translation 1 Similarly solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others 2 A A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve The curve plot drawn made produced by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve 3 Air is mixture of gases the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 molecules 4 The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature pressure and other conditions 5 Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water V Translation 玻意尔 玻意尔 BohrBohr 模型提出不久后 人们就发现原子中的电子比 模型提出不久后 人们就发现原子中的电子比 BohrBohr 提出的提出的 模型要复杂得多 实验证实电子既有粒子的性质 质量 也有光的特性 波的模型要复杂得多 实验证实电子既有粒子的性质 质量 也有光的特性 波的 特性 特性 因为它的两重性 电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单 因为它的两重性 电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单 粒子 而且如粒子 而且如 BohrBohr 所说的 如果电子高速运动 我们就不能确切地知道它的位所说的 如果电子高速运动 我们就不能确切地知道它的位 置 置 UnitUnit 1313 UltravioletUltraviolet andand VisibleVisible MolecularMolecular SpectroscopySpectroscopy I Comprehension 1 C 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 B II Fill in the blanks of as in out In for for of in then to for since for into III Fill the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrase in its proper form 1 account for 2 take part in 3 think of as 4 As compared with 5 is attached to 6 on the contrary 7 As in the case of 8 in contrast with as against 9 owing to 10 Except for UnitUnit 1717 CrystallisationCrystallisation I Comprehension 1 D 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 A II Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below Stage interna symmetrical basis physical Furthermore composed responsible reasonable overall III Choose the item from 1 6 that best matches the item in a f to make a correct sentence 1 a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 e 6 f VI Translate the following into Chinese 共沸物 类质同晶 过饱和 砷酸盐 晶核 异丙基 醇 钠 硫酸盐 间甲酚 糖膏 共沸物 类质同晶 过饱和 砷酸盐 晶核 异丙基 醇 钠 硫酸盐 间甲酚 糖膏 十水合物 结晶质的 同系物 衍生物 结晶 四硼酸盐 盐析 乙基乙酰苯胺 矿物油 十水合物 结晶质的 同系物 衍生物 结晶 四硼酸盐 盐析 乙基乙酰苯胺 矿物油 Uint18Uint18 DistillationDistillation I Comprehension 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 A II Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below 1 In order to 2 in relation to 3 in the case of 4 in the end 5 in a number of 6 lead to 7 a messy way 掌握以下词汇掌握以下词汇 flashdistillation闪蒸 exit stream 出流 equilibrium curve 平衡曲线 weir 堰 redistillation 重蒸 apparatus 设备 overhead product 塔顶产物 enthalpy 焓 intersection 交点 auxiliary辅助装置 rectifying section精馏段 reflux回流 reboller 再沸器 stripping section 汽提 提馏 段 bottom product 塔底产物 UnitUnit 2121 catalysiscatalysis I Comprehension 1 A 2 D 3 D 4 B 5 C IV Translate the following sentences into English 1 We define activity as size measure of catalysis of catalyst 2 catalytic reaction may be carried out in different phases of which mechanisms are generally consistent 3 Enzymes are the most efficient proteins in the human body which accelerate the metabolism of the human body V Translate the following into English reaction equilibrium repetitiveness elementary reaction step stability catalytic cycle activity quantitative analysis selectivity metabolic reaction chemical energy reaction mechanism polymer nylon or nylon qualitative analysis molecular sieve tubular reactor inhibitor stoichiometry UnitUnit 2222 CosmeticsCosmetics introductionintroduction I Comprehension 1 D 2 A 3 D 4 D 5 1 True 2 True 3 False II Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below Focused on considerations particular boosting price affect commitment different proposed III Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks 1 for of 2 to 3 for 4 for to 5 of about V Translate the following into English 对亚苯基二胺 降解 丙烯 头皮屑 洗剂 对亚苯基二胺 降解 丙烯 头皮屑 洗剂 N N 亚硝基二乙醇胺 致癌的 亚硝基二乙醇胺 致癌的 未成熟 未成熟 oror 早熟 早熟 香波 香波 oror 洗发剂 洗发剂 激素 荷尔蒙 激素 荷尔蒙 防汗剂 防汗剂 诱变性 诱变性 脱臭剂 芳香剂 脱臭剂 芳香剂 推论 必然结果 推论 必然结果 甘油甘油 VI Translate the following sentences into English surfactant environmental pollution emulsifier side effect dirt detergent perspiration preservative PART TWO THE FUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY Unit7Chemical Bonds 化学键 There are approximately 100 chemical elements 世界上大概有 100 种元素 There are millions of chemical compound and about new compounds are prepared every year 现有数百万种化合物 而且每年有 60 万种新化合物被合成 出来 To form these compounds atoms of different elements must be held together in specific combinations be held together in specific combinations 以特定的方式 为了合成这些化合物 不同种类的原子必须以特定方式结合 在一起 Chemical bonds are the forces that maintain these arrangements That 引导定语从句 修饰 forces 化学键是保持这种结合状态的力 Chemical bonding also plays a role in determining the state of matter plays a role 起作用 化学键同时在决定物质状态方面也起作用 At room temperature water is a liquid carbon dioxide is a gas and table salt is a solid because of differences in chemical bonding 在室温下 水是液体 二氧化碳是气体 晶体盐是固体 是 由于化学键的不同 As scientists developed an understanding of the nature of chemical bonding they gained the ability to manipulate the structure of compounds As 引导原因状语从句 to manipulate the structure of compounds 不定式短语做宾补 随着化学家对化学键认识的发展 他们获得了控制化合物结 构的能力 Dynamite birth control pills synthetic fibers and a thousand other products were fashioned in chemical laboratories and have dramatically changed the way we live 炸药 避孕药 合成纤维 和数以千计的其他产品在实验室 中被合成出来 并且魔术般的改变了我们的生活 We are now entering an era that promises some would say forebodes even greater change 我们现在进入了一个可望 或者说预言 更大变化的时代 The DNA molecular the chemical basis of heredity carries its genetic message in its bonds in DNA 分子 DNA 遗传物质的基础 以它的键传递遗传信息 Whether an organism is fish fowl hippopotamus or human is determined by the arrangement of bonds in DNA Whether an organism is fish fowl hippopotamus or human 做 主语 无论一个生物体是鱼 家禽 河马还是人 都是由于 DNA 的 键的组合方式决定的 Scientists already have the ability to rearrange these bonds and this ability has given them limited control over the structure of living matter Them limited control over the structure of living matter 双宾语 科学家已经获得了重组这些键的能力 而这种能力给了他们 有限的对生物体结构的控制 As techniques of genetic engineering improve scientists may literally be able to custom tailor genes 随着基因工程的发展 科学家们将最终设计出符合条件的基 因 Let us begin our consideration of chemical bonding so that we too can understand the forces that control the structure of matter living and nonliving That 引导定语从句修饰 forces living and nonliving 动名词 matter 得同位语 修饰 matter 让我们开始对化学键的论述 并由此理解控制物质 包括有 生命体和无生命体 的结构的力 Ionic Bond 离子键离子键 Let us look at an atom of the element sodium Na 我们看一下钠原子 It has 11 electrons of which two are in the first energy level eight in the second and one in the third the first energy level 第一能级 the second energy level 第二能级 the third energy level 第三能级 It has 11 electrons of which two are in the first energy level eight are in the second energy level and one is in the third energy level 它有 11 个电子 其中 2 个电子在第一能级 8 个电子在第二 能级 1 个电子在第三能级 If the sodium atom could get rid of an electron then the product called a sodium ion would have the same electron structure as an atom of the noble gas neon Ne called a sodium ion 分词短语做非限定 修饰 product noble gas 如果钠原子能够失去 1 个电子 产物称为钠离子 就和惰性 气体氖 Ne 具有相同的电子结构 Let us immediately emphasize that the sodium ion Na and neon atom Ne are not identical 让我们首先强调一下 钠离子 Na 和氖原子 Ne 并不 相同 The electron arrangement is the same but the nuclei and resulting charges are not electron arrangement 电子排布 resulting charges 最终电荷 电子排布是相同的 而核及最终电荷是不同的 As long as sodium keeps its 11 protons it is still a form of sodium but it is the sodium ion not the sodium atom 只要钠带有 11 个质子 它就一直是钠 但它是钠离子而不 是钠原子 Ions are charged particles particles in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons in which 引导非限定定语从句 离子是一种带电粒子 一种电子数不等于质子数的粒子 Positively charged ions are called cations pronounced cat ions The sodium ion is a cation 带正电荷的粒子称为阳离子 音为阳 离子 钠离子是阳 离子 If a chlorine atom Cl could gain an electron it would have the same electron structure as the noble gas argon Ar 如果氯原子 Cl 能够得到一个电子 它将与惰性气体氩 Ar 具有相同的电子结构 The chlorine atom having gained an electron becomes negatively charged It has 17 protons 17 and 18 electrons 18 It is written Cl and it called a chloride ion having gained an electron 动名词形式做定语 修饰 chlorine atom 获得一个电子的氯原子带有负电荷 它具有 17 个质子 17 和 18 个电子 18 写作 Cl 称为氯离子 Negatively charged ions are called anions pronounced ann ions The chloride ion is an anion 带负电荷的粒子称为阴离子 音为阴 离子 钠离子是阴 离子 A sodium forms a less reactive species a sodium ion by losing an electron a less reactive species a sodium ion 同位语 钠原子通过失去一个电子形成不活泼的钠离子 A chlorine atom becomes a less reactive chloride ion by gaining an electron 氯原子通过得到一个电子形成不活泼的氯原子 A chlorine atom cannot just pluck an electron from empty space nor can a sodium atom kick out an electron unless something else is willing to take it on empty space 空白空间 真空空间 意为 凭空 无根据 nor 作连词 与助动词和情态动词连用 句中主语与动词倒 置 He can t see nor could he hear until a month ago 他现在看不 见 一个月之前他还听不见 She isn t rich nor do I image that she ever will be 她现在不富 我看她将来也富不了 kick out 逐出 解雇 开除 意为 失去 They kicked him out of the club for fighting 他因为斗殴而被 开除 出俱乐部 something else 别的东西 take on 接纳 承受 氯原子不能凭空获得一个电子 而钠原子也不能凭空失去一 个电子 除非别的东西愿接受电子 What happens when sodium come into contact with chlorine The obvious A chlorine atom removes an electron from a sodium atom come into contact 接触 相遇 The obvious 显而易见的 当钠与氯接触时发现了什么 很明显 氯原子从钠原子处拿 走了一个电子 The sodium ion and the chloride ion have electron arrangements electron configurations like those of two noble gases neon and argon respectively electron arrangement 电子排布 electron configurations 电子结构 钠离子和氯离子的电子排布 电子结构 就象两个惰性气体 氖和氩 相应的 一样 Not only do the ions have stable octets of electrons they also have opposite charges 它们具有稳定的电子八耦体结构 而且有相反的电荷 Everyone knows that opposites attract 每个人都知道异性相吸 While this rule of thumb may not always work when applied to people it works quite well for cations and anions rule of thumb 单凭经验来做的方法 比较粗糙的方法 约略 得衡量 或估计 虽然这种经验对人未必适用 但对阴阳离子是非常适用的 The attractive force between oppositely charged ions is called an ionic bond and the combination of sodium ions and chloride ions is the compound sodium chloride or table salt 相反电荷之间的吸引力称为离子键 钠离子和氯离子结合为 化合物氯化钠和食盐 Covalent Bonds 共价键共价键 One might expect a hydrogen atom with its one electron to acquire another electron and assume the helium configuration to acquire another electron and to assume the helium configuration 不定式做宾补 人们也许希望带有一个电子的氢原子 获得另一个电子并呈 现氦的结构 Indeed hydrogen atom do just that in the presence of atoms of a reactive metal such as lithium that is a metal that finds it easy to give up an electron do 代替上句 just that 引导条件状语 reactive metal 活泼金属 that is 插入语 也就是说 a metal reactive metal 的同位语 that 引导定语从句修饰 a metal 实际上 氢原子只有在活泼金属如锂的存在下确实发生了这 样的反应 活泼金属就是很容易失去电子的金属 But what if there are no other kinds of atoms around 但是 如果周围没有其他种类的原子呢 What if ther