传染病学英文名解大题

1 Frequently asked question in English Part Noun explanation 1 convert infection subclinical infection it means only a special immune response without or with very mild damage to the host after the pathogens entered which can be diagnosed by serologic means with demonstration of either a single high titer or a fourfold rise in titer to the infection The patients haven t any symptoms and signs clinically no changes of biochemical aspects are present in laboratory findings It is also called subclinical infection 2 black water fever A complication of MALARIA FALCIPARUM characterized by an acute intravascular hemolysis hemoglobinuria and hemolytic jaundice when the red blood cells are destroyed and lytic in the blood vessel severe patients can result in acute renal failureMost commomly in those who have taken antimalarial treatment irregularly or are deficient in G 6 PD May be provoked by administering primaquine or chlorquine or by fatigue It is also called hemolytic urinemic syndrome 3 carrier state 病原携带状态 it is a person who is colonized with an organism but shows no evidence of disease although disease may have been present earlier A carrier is a very important source of infection as the organisms can be disseminated from him 4 latent infection 潜伏性感染 it means an organism enters a host and lies dormant 静 止的 for a period of time possibly for years before producing disease as the host s immunity decreased 5 invasiveness 侵袭力 the ability of the agent to enter and to move through tissue 6 source of infection 传染源 it is referred to a person or animal in which the pathogen stay and multiply and can be disseminated 7 route of transmission 传播途径 the route the pathogen entered another susceptible after been disseminated from the source of infection 8 susceptible 易感者 it is referred to a person who lacks immunity to a specific infectious disease 9 relapse 复发 it means the return of symptoms after they have apparently ceased during convalescence which is caused by the multiplication of the pathogen in the host It is often seen in typhoid fever malaria et al 10 recrudescence 再燃 it means the reappearance of symptoms after temporary cessation 11 sustained fever 稽留热 high fever lasting and little change in 24 hours usually 1 degree in 24 hours but the lowest point of the fever is still above the upper limit of the normal temperature Often seen in the defervascence of typhoid fever or EHF 13 relapsing fever 回归热 several days of high fever with interruption of a few days normality typical fever pattern in brucellosis and relapsing fever 14 Intermittent fever 间歇热 temperature fluctuates between the high fever and the 2 degree below the normality Usually seen in septicemia and malaria 15 Irregular fever 不规则热 the fever curve is irregular Seen in influenza or septicemia 16 palmer erythema liver palm 肝掌 This is intense reddening mottled in nature of the palmer aspects due to vasodilation Seen mainly over the thenar and hypothenar 大 小鱼际 eminences 17 spider angiomata 蜘蛛痣 Spider angiomata are small red macules with fine red lines radiating from it like spider legs They blanch when compressed 压之褪色 They represent tiny dilated collateral blood vessels and are seen in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis 18 window phase 窗口期 The window phase is the time from exposure to the organism until one is tested positive for the infection Someone in the window phase may test negative but actually be positive and able to spread the organism 19 street strain 野毒株 街毒株 it is referred to rabies virus isolated from the naturally infected animals or human with strong pathogenecity and long incubation period 20 fixed strain 固定毒株 After being subcultured in rabbit brain for many times at least 50 times the virulence of the street strain decreased greatly but its immunogenicity remained It is called fixed strain and often used for vaccine production 21 Negri body 内基本氏小体 Negri body is pathognomonic for rabies virus infection It is oval eosinophilic neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion measuring 3 10 micron in diameter They are most consistenetly seen in the pyramidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells of cerebellum 22 septicemia 败血症 Septicemia is an acute generalized infection caused by the invasion into the blood stream of a pathogenic or an opportunistic organism While staying persistently and multiplying rapidly in the blood stream these organisms liberate toxins or metabolites which elicit general toxic symptoms and tissue damage of various organs 23 bacteriemia 菌血症 The bacteria enter the blood and multiply in it but stay only a short time and don t liberate toxins or metabolites which elicit general toxic symptoms and tissue damage of various organs 24 pyemia 脓毒血症 The multiplying site of bacteria is also in the blood but it is caused by pyogenic 化脓性的 gram positive cocci metastatic lesions are always present the symptoms are the same as septicemia 25 toxemia 毒血症 The bacteria only live and multiply in the local parts of the body they don t enter the blood stream but the toxins and metabolites liberated by them do The symptoms are similar to septicemia 26 rose spots 玫瑰疹 They are blanking pink macular spots 2 4 mm in diameter at day 7 13 of typhoid fever The rash is seen most commonly on the thorax and abdomen rarely on back and the extremities 27 relative bradycardia 相对缓脉 it means pulse temperature dissociation It is usually defined as increase in heart rate 10 beats minutes 1 C increase in temperature in adults It is usually seen in typhoid fever acute schistosomiasis severe jaundice et al 3 28 herxheimer reaction 赫氏反应 It is caused as a direct result of using spirocheticidal drugs mainly antibiotics to treat individuals with a spirochetal disease which results in an increase in the symptoms of the treated condition 29 hemolytic urinemic syndrome black urine fever A serious often fatal complication of malaria characterized by an acute intravascular hemolysis hemoglobinuria and hemolytic jaundice It is often provoked by antimalarial drugs 30 ectopic lesion 异位损害 the schistosome eggs and or adult worm migrate and parasitize the organs outside the portal venous system and cause damages It is relatively high in lung and brain 31 Hepatorenal syndrome Acute renal failure occurring without other cause in a person with severe liver disease The exact cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknown The kidney structure remains essentially normal and the kidneys often will instantly function well if the liver disease is corrected 32 Widal s test A test involving agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid antibodies from an individual having typhoid fever used to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi and S paratyphi Part Qustion 1 the five manifestation of infection 感染过程的五种表现 Pathogen is killed or eliminated Covert infection or subclinical infection it is usually the most common Overt infection or clinical infection the pathogen enter the host and caused damages as well as immunological response It is usually easy to be recognized in clinics Carrier state It is a very important source of infection Latent infection it is usually seen in herpesviridae tuberculosis malaria et al 2 Please describe briefly the factors involved in the pathogenecity of a pathogen 致病能力包括哪几个 方面 Invasiveness the ability of the agent to enter and to move through tissues Virulence it is consists of toxins and other virulent factors Quantity bigger quantity stronger pathogenecity in the same disease Variability The pathogen may mutate under the pressure of the environment or host 3 the prerequisite of an epidemic of a communicable disease 传染病流行的必要条件 Three prerequisite are required for a communicable disease to spread First there must be a source of infection which disseminate pathogen continuously Second there must some persons who lack special immunity to the disease ie susceptible Last the pathogen must reach the susceptible the route of transmission 4 the basic characteristic of communicable disease 传染病的基本特征 The main difference between communicable disease and other disease is that the former has four basic characteristics All communicable diseases are infectious diseases and both are caused by a pathogen But the former have infectivity communicability it is the main difference between them And communicable diseases have some epidemiological feature In addition there is post infection immunity no matter covert infection or overt infection 4 5 clinical characteristics diagnostic criteria of fulminant hepatitis hepatitis gravis 重型肝炎的诊断标 准 Fulminant hepatitis is a rare syndrome usually associated with hepatitis B It is characterized by rapid clinical deterioration Its diagnostic criteria in our country is Severe digestive disorder poor feeding nausea and frequent vomiting fatigue Progressively deepened jaundice Hepatoencephalopathy Hepatorenal syndrome Decreased volume of liver Bleeding pronenss Rapidly increased ascites 6 clinical characteristics diagnostic criteria of cholestatic hepatitis Clinical symptoms Jaundice is the main manifestation and it lasts longer than three weeks Skin itch is usually more severe at night Rashes can occur on the neck chest back and wrists Stool color becomes lighter and urine color becomes darker Although there can be many symptoms the patient usually will not feel extremely ill Laboratory tests Direct bilirubin in the serum elevated and its proportion is more than 60 of the total bilirubin Serum combined bile acid elevated to 10 to 20 times higher than the normal range AKP GGT cholesterol and 5 nucleotidase are obviously elevated and the ALT elevation is moderate B Ultrasound It can distinguish intra or extra liver obstruction mon main manifestation of acute viral hepatitis Malaise anorexia fever dark urine pale stools jaundice right upper quadrant pain and tender hepatomegaly Increased liver enzymes ALT AST bilirubin prothrombin time and globulin Serum positive for hepatic virus May have history of recent ingestion of undercooked shellfish or sewage contaminated water 8 main manifestation of epidemic encephalitis B The disease is mainly manifested by high fever impairment of consciousness convulsion respiratory failure Signs of meningeal irritation increased intracranial pressure and other neurological signs The typical profile in cases of epidemic encephalitis B is lymphocytic pleocytosis normal or slightly elevated protein level normal glucose level and elevated CSF pressure The specific IgM antibody detection is most useful for the diagnosis of this disease 9 the principal of wound treatment after bitten by a rabid dog 被狂犬咬伤后伤口处理 The wound should be thoroughly cleansed for half an hour preferably with a quaternary ammonium detergent 季胺类消毒液 or 20 soap which can not be mixed together then rinse with 70 ethanol or iodine damaged tissues should be excised and the wound left unsatured Rabies can usually be prevented if treatment is started within a day or two of biting For maximum protection hyperimmune serum and vaccine are required One should pay attention to tetanus and infection of other bacteria 10 main manifestation of rabies hydrophobia 5 The disease begins as a nonspecific illness marked by fever headache malaise nausea and vomiting Abnormal sensations at or around the site of viral inoculation occur frequently and probably reflect local nerve involvement After the prodromal period of 2 4 days the characteristic fear of water responsible for the alternative name of hydrophobia and fear of wind becomes evident in many cases Delusions and hallucinations may develop accompanied by spitting biting and and maniacal behavior with lucid intervals in which the patient is acutely anxious Cranial nerve lesions develop and terminal hyperpyrexia is common Death ensues usually within a week from the onset of symptoms 11 describe briefly the five phase of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Typical cases of HFRS evolve in 5 stages the febrile stage with myalgia lasting 3 to 4 days the hypotensive stage often associated with shock and lasting from a few hours to 48h the oliguric phase usually lasts from 3 to 7 days The rising concentration of blood urea and creatinine is accompanied by persistent oliguria the diuretic stage with diuresis and hyposthenuria and the convalescent stage getting full recovery within 1 to 6 months 12 main manifestation of sepeticemia The main clinical manifestations of septicemia are chills high fever severe toxemic symptoms such as headache dysphoria petechia 瘀点 arthralgia 关节痛 hepatosplenomegaly 肝脾肿大 some patients may have metastatic 迁徙性 lesions in severe patients septic shock toxic cerebrosis 脑病 toxic pneumonia toxic myocarditis 心肌炎 toxic hepatitis and toxic enteritis 肠炎 may be present 13 the key points of blood culture 1 before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever 2 repeat more than 3 times 3 the amount of the blood sample should be 10ml in adults or older children 5ml in infants 4 blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for culture bone marrow culture is recommended drug sensitivity test is very necessary 14 main manifestation of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis Epidemic encephalitis B is an encephalitis caused by flavovirus which belongs to the family of Togaviruse The infection is transmitted by mosquito The disease is mainly manifested by high fever impairment of consciousness convulsion respiratory failure Signs of meningeal irritation increased intracranial pressure and other neurological signs The typical profile in cases of epidemic encephalitis B is lymphocytic pleocytosis normal or slightly elevated protein level normal glucose level and elevated CSF pressure The specific IgM antibody detection is most useful for the diagnosis of this disease 15 therapeutic principals of fulminant meningococcal meningitis specific antibiotics should be given intravenously promptly The preferred drug is penicillin anti shock therapy use of glucocorticoids 糖皮质激素 such as methylprednisolone or DXM if clinical signs suggest cerebral edema or the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is very high measures to reduce brain swelling are indicated anticoagulant therapy if DIC is present supportive therapy to maintain vital organs 16 main characteristic of typhoid fever Typhoid fever also called enteric fever is characterized by sustained fever gastrointestinal symptoms rose spots relative bradycardia hepatoslenomegaly neuropsychiatric features and leukopenia 6 The clinical course of the disease can be divided into 4 stages 1 prodromal stage 2 stage of prominent manifestation 3 remission stage and 4 convalescent stage The two major complications are intestinal hemorrhage and perforation both can be life threatening 17 main characteristic of bacillary dysentery shigellosis shigellosis is an acute bacterial infection caused by the genus Shigella resulting in colitis affecting predominantly the rectosigmoid colon It is characterized by fever diarrhea abdominal pain and tenesmus It is usually limited to a few days Early treatment with antimicrobial drugs results in more rapid recovery 18 main manifestation of cholera 霍乱 Cholera is an acute sometimes fulminant watery diarrheal disease resulting from an enterotoxin elaborated by Vibiro Cholerae in the small intestine It generally occurs in epidemics and may cause a rapid massive gastrointestinal fluid loss with extreme saline depletion acidosis and shock 19 main manifestation of leptospirosis 钩体病 Leptospirosis is a zoonotic 动物源的 disease of worldwidedistribution caused by spirochetes 螺旋体 of the genus 种 Leptospira It is divided into three phases according to its clinical manifestation the initial phase leptospira bacteremia 钩体菌血症 the second phase organic injury and dysfunction the third phase immune response The initial clinical symptoms are fever headache myalgia 肌痛 conjunctival injection 眼结膜充血 and swelling of lymph nodes 淋巴结肿 大 in some cases followed by a more severe illness that may include jaundice 黄疸 and renal failure meningitis 脑膜炎 or hemorrhagic pneumonitis 出血性肺炎 Intravenous penicillin has demonstrated good clinical efficacy for leptospirosis 20 amebic colitis intestinal amebiasis 肠阿米巴病 Amebiasis is defined as infection with the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica The manifestation of amebic colitis may be subtle or severe and range from mild watery diarrhea to explosive bloody dysentery with a fulminant couse Amebic colitis mainly presents with lower abdominal pain mild diarrhea malaise and weight loss The stools contain little fecal material and consist chiefly of blood and mucus 21 main manifestation of hepatic amebiasis amebic liver abscess 肝阿米巴病 阿米巴肝脓肿 Amebic liver abscess is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of amebiasis Patients may note right upper quadrant pain that is either dull or pleuritic in nature Often pain is referred to the right upper shoulder Less than 50 of patients have an enlarged liver Patients typically manifest long term fever and weight loss Diarrhea is found in less than one third of patients with Amebic liver abscess Exam may reveal abdominal tenderness tender hepatomegaly and crackles at right lung base Jaundice is uncommon 22 main manifestation of malaria 疟疾 The first symptoms of malaria are nonspecific including the lack of a sense of well being fever headache fatigue and abdominal discomfort The classic trilogy of malarial paroxysm 发作 includes chills rigors spike fever 体温骤升骤降 and heavy sweating The intervals are irregular in P falciparum 恶性疟 within 48h in P vivax 间日疟 and 72h in P malariae 三日疟 respectively Splenic enlargement is very common The diagnosis of malaria rests on the demonstration of the parasite in peripheral blood smears Both thin and thick blood smears should be examined 7 23 the prerequisite for the epidemic of schistosomiasis 血吸虫病 the epidemic of schistosomiasis in any specific area is dependent upon the unsanitary disposal of faeces the presence of suitable snail hosts and human exposure