牛津译林版8b-语法详解之被动语态

1 语法详解 被动语态 英语中的语态 主动语态和被动语态 英语动词有两种语态 主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者 被动 语态表示主语是动作的承受者 如 They built a new bridge over the river 主动 A new bridge was built over the river by them 被动 Many people speak English 主动 English is spoken by many people 被动 汉语中常用 被 给 由 受 等词用来表示被动 而英语用 助动词 be 及物动词 的过去分词构成 即 be p p 其中助动词 be 有人称 数和时态的变化 被动语态的基本用法 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时 谓语的形式是主动语态 当句子的主语是动作的承受 者时 谓语要用被动语态 被动语态由助动词 be 过去分词构成 时态通过动词 be 表现 出来 什么时候使用被动语态 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁 Some windows were broken last night This book was published 出版 in 2005 注意 第 句 This book came out in 2005 come out 是不及物动词短语 不能用于被动语 态 只强调动作的承受者 而不强调动作的执行者 Educational CD ROMs are sold in many countries Rice was first grown in China English is learned all over the world 注意 不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态 如 appear happen take place 等 被动语态的基本结构 动作的承受者 be 过去分词 其他 by 动作的执行者 简写为 承受者 be 过去分词 其他 by 动作的执行者 主动语态变为被动语态的步骤 确定主动语态的时态 它决定着被动语态中的助动词 be 找出主动语态的主 谓 宾 按照上述句式改写 承受者 be 过去分词 其他 by 执行者 常用的被动语态结构 时态 结构 时态 结构 一般现在时 am is are p p 含情态动词 can may must be p p 一般过去时 was were p p 现在完成时 have has been p p 一般将来时 will shall be p p am is are going to be p p 现在进行时 am is are being p p 主动改为被动语态的例子 主动语态基本结构为主 谓 宾 His brother washes dishes every day Dishes are washed every day by his brother 主 执行者 谓 宾 承受者 其他 Peter will clean the room tomorrow The room will be cleaned tomorrow by Peter He must look after the little boy The little boy must be looked after by him The students are watching a charity show A charity show is being watched by the students 2 特殊情况的被动语态 简单句五种基本形式中的其中两种变为被动语态时十分重要 主谓 双宾 这类短语含有介词 to 或 for 如 give send show buy make give sb sth give sth to sb buy sb sth buy sth for sb 主动语态 Amy gave me some nice stickers Amy gave some nice stickers to me 被动语态 I was given some nice stickers by Amy 或 Some nice stickers were given to me by Amy 主动 A fairy gave the princess a magic wand A fairy gave a magic wand to Princess Laura 被动 The princess was given a magic wand by a fairy 或 A magic wand was given to the princess 总结含有双宾语的动词短语变为被动语态的规则 可以把任何一个宾语作为被动语态的主 语 如果把直接宾语 即物体 作为主语 动词和直接宾语之间要添加相应的介词 to 或 for 主动语态中无论使用 give sb sth 还是 give sth to sb 一律按照上述句子改写 即 give sb sth 或 give sth to sb sb be given sth 或 sth be given to sb 这类含有介词 to 或 for 的 短语见下表 主动语态 被动语态 send sb sth 或 send sth to sb sb be sent sth 或 sth be sent to sb show sb sth 或 show sth to sb sb be shown sth 或 sth be shown to sb buy sb sth 或 buy sth for sb sb be bought sth 或 sth be bought for sb make sb sth 或 make sth for sb sb be made sth 或 sth be made for sb 主谓宾 省略 to 的不定式 即宾补 使役动词变为被动语态时 原来省略的 to 一定要加 上 常见短语 make sb do sth sb be made to do sth 主动语态不含 to 被动语态必须带 to 下 同 hear sb do sth sb be heard to do sth see sb do sth sb be seen to do sth have sb do sth sb be had to do sth 注意特殊例子 let sb do sth sb be let do sth 主动语态和被动语态都不含 to e g He made the workers work 12 hours a day The workers were made to work 12 hours a day 主动形式表示被动意义 有些不及物动词 其主语大都指物 的主动语态可以表示被动意 义 某些连系动词 这些动词有 feel taste smell sound prove 等 The coffee smells delicious The story proved quite false 某些可与 well easily quickly 等副词连用的不及物动词 This kind of bikes sells well This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind 某些可用于 主 谓 主补 结构中的不及物动词 e g The bag broke open 动名词在 be worth doing 句型中的主动形式表示被动含义 His novels are so well worth reading that I want one These stamps are worth collecting 3 动名词在 need want require 等动词后 主动形式表示被动含义 need doing need to be done The problem requires dealing with immediately Her bike needed repairing 动词不定式的主动形式在 too to 句型中表示被动含义 The box is too heavy to carry 有些形容词后的动词不定式有被动含义 这些形容词有 easy difficult heavy nice good pleasant important useful dangerous 等 Bad habits are easy to contract English is difficult to learn 被动语态试题 1 The sick boy to hospital by the police yesterday A is taken B was taken C takes D took 2 Waste paper shouldn t everywhere It s our duty to keep our city clean A be thrown B throw C is thrown D are thrown 3 Do you have any problems if you this job Well I m thinking about the working day A offer B will offered C are offered D will be offered 5 It is reported that more new teaching buildings in our school in the next term A will be built B was built C has built D will build 6 The new library building last week A was completed B is completed C completed D has completed 7 David turn off the TV no one is watching it But it off already The music is from the radio A so that has been turned B when has turned C if has been turned D because has turned 8 Nick a job in a bank but to our surprise he didn t take it A is offered B offered C was offered D has offered 9 Do you often plant trees in spring Yes many trees in our school every year A plant B are planting C are planted 10 It s difficult for the village children to cross the river for school I think a bridge over the river A was built B is being built C has been built D should be built 11 I to get there before seven tomorrow so I ll have to get up early A told B have told C will tell D was told 12 A large number of engineers to Africa by our government to help the people there every year A have sent B will send C are sent 13 It s common knowledge that black tea in China more than 600 years ago A is invented B was invented C invents D invented 14 Who is the little baby in the photo Susan It s me This photo ten years ago A takes B is taken C took D was taken 4 15 It is reported that the Underground Line No 3 in our city in 2010 A will build B has built C will be built D has been built 16 Do you plant trees in spring Yes Many trees in our city every year A are planting Bare planted C were planted 17 When you leave the room make sure the door A was locked B is locked C will be locked D should be locked 18 What should we do first if we want to develop our village A lot of new roads I think A must be built B have to build C must build D have built 19 Do you believe there are aliens I m afraid not I don t think aliens in space A can find B can be found C can be founded D can t be found 20 I want to be a Chinese teacher when I grow up That s great Chinese teachers in China and some foreign countries A need B are needing C are needed D will need 21 Don t worry You plenty of time to decide A will give B have given C will be given D are giving 22 As China grows stronger and stronger Chinese in more and more schools out of our country A teaches B is taught C has taught D was taught 23 Our environment is getting worse than before You re right But thanks to Earth Day people have done more and more useful things to protect the earth since Earth Day A is started B was started C has started 24 The young man was often seen by the lake A to draw B to drawing C draw D drew 25 Ba Jin one of the greatest writers in China as People s Writer A is regarded B has regarded C is regarding D regards 26 After the hero s story on CCTV many people are learning from him A reports B reported C was reporting D was reported 27 Where did you go last night I to go to Li Lei s birthday party A asked B am asked C have been asked D was asked 28 I want to be a doctor Doctors in every part of the world I think A need B are needed C are needing D will need 29 The village is building a school I hope it before August this year A finishes B will finish C is finished D will be finished 30 I was that our class meeting about Eight Dos and Don ts would be held soon A talked B spoken C told D said 31 This year has World Year of Physics Albert Einstein the father of modern physics A made remember B made to remember C been made remember D been made to remember 32 You should tell Tom that he to work for the 21st UNIVERSIDE 5 I think so I will tell him on his birthday A chooses B has chosen C chose D is chosen 二 将下列句子变为被动语态 每空一词 1 We can finish the work in two days The work in two days 2 They produce silk in Suzhou Silk in Suzhou 3 The children will sing an English song An English song by the children 4 You needn t do it now It by you now 5 Lucy sent me a New Year Card last week A New Year Card me by her last week 6 Peole use metal for making machines Metal for making machines 7 He made me do that for him I that for 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