真题2019英语一

1 2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语 一一 试题试题 Section I Use of English Directions Read the following text Choose the best word s for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET 10 points Today we live in a world where GPS systems digital maps and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone But phones 2 on batteries and batteries can die faster than we realize 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass and you 4 cant find north a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization one of which is to follow the land When you find yourself well 6 a trail but not in a completely 7 area you have to answer two questions Which 8 is downhill in this particular area And where is the nearest water source Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys and on supplies of fresh water 9 if you head downhill and follow any H20 you find you should 10 see 2 signs of people If you ve explored the area before keep an eye out for familiar sights you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation 13 even in dense fores you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads train tracks and other paths people carve 15 the woods Head toward these 16 to find a way out At might can the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights then walk toward the glow of light pollution 18 assuming you re lost in an area humans tend to frequent look for the 19 we leave on the landscape Trail blazes tire tracks and other features can 20 you to civilization 1 A Some B Most C Few D All 2 A put B take C run D come 3 A Since B If C Though D until 4 A Formally B relatively C gradually D literally 3 5 A back B next C around D away 6 A onto B off C across D alone 7 A unattractive B uncrowded C unchanged D unfamiliar 8 A site B point C way D place 9 A So B Yet C Instead D Besides lO A immediately B intentionally C unexpectedly D eventually 11 A surprised B annoyed C frightened D confused 12 A problem B option C view D result 13 A Above all B In contrast C On average D For example 14 A bridge B avoid C spot D separate 15 A form B through C beyond D Under 16 A posts B links C shades D breaks 17 A artificial B mysterious C hidden D limited 18 A Finally B Consequently C Incidentally D Generally 19 A memories B marks C notes D belongings 20 A restrict B adopt C lead D expose Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions Read the following four texts Answer the questions each text by 4 choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 40 points Text 1 Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks Starting next year any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing The main purpose of this clawback rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit more long term decision making not only by banks but by all corporations to build a stronger economy for future generations Short termism or the desire for quick profits has worsened in publicly traded companies says the Bank of England s top economist Andrew Haldane He quotes a gaint of classical economics Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once rather than putting them aside to be eaten last The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain he notes has 5 dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades Transient investors who demand high quarterly profits from companies can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone term research or to build up customer loyalty This has been dubbed quarterly capitalism In addition new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use of information and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets There seems to be a predominance of short term thinking at the expense of long term investing said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week In the US the Sarbanes Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year slightly helping reduce short termism In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that a substantial part of executive pay is now tied to performance Much more could be done to encourage long termism such as changes in the tax code 6 and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions In France shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company Within companies the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders Britain s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term 21 According to Paragraph 1 one motive in imposing the new rule is the A enhance bankers sense of responsibility B help corporations achieve larger profits C build a new system of financial regulation D guarantee the bonuses of top executives 22 Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate A the conditions for generating quick profits B governments impatience in decision making C the solid structure of publicly traded companies D short termism in economic activities 23 It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public 7 companies can be A indited B adverse C minimal D temporary 24 The US and France examples and used to illustrate A the obstacles to preventing short termism B the significance or long term thinking C the approaches to promoting long termism D the prevalence of short term thinking 25 Which of the following would be the best title for the text A Failure of Quarterly Capitalism B Patience as a Corporate Virtue C Decisiveness Required of Top Executives D Frustration of Risk taking Bankers Text 2 Grade inflation the gradual increase in average GPAs grade point averages over the past few decades is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education in which students are treated like customers to be pleased But another related force a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness is helping raise GPAs Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they 8 received a low grade and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student s overall GPA The use of this little known practice has accelerated in recent years as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school and paying tuition and improve their gradation rates When this practice fir started decades ago it was usually limited to freshmen to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college level courses But now most colleges save for many selective campuses allow all undergraduates and even graduate students to get their low grades forgiven College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and gradation without incurring a big penalty Untimely said Jack Mine Ohio State University s registrar we see students achieve more success because they retake a 9 course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time That said there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can by boosting figures like those mean more money And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who at the end of the day are paying the bill feel they ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars which is another big concern for colleges Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible or at least appear to be On this students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned 26 What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation 10 A The change of course catalogs B Students indifference to GPAS C Colleges neglect of GPAS D The influence of consumer culture 27 What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness A To help freshmen adapt to college learning B To maintain colleges graduation rates C To prepare graduates for a challenging future D To increase universities income from tuition 28 According to Paragraph 5 grade forgiveness enables colleges A obtain more financial support B boost their student enrollments C improve their teaching quality D meet local governments needs 29 What does the phrase to be aligned Line 5 Para 6 most probably mean A To counterbalance each other B To complement each other C To be identical with each other D To be contradictory to each other 30 The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by A assessing its feasibility 11 B analyzing the causes behind it C comparing different views on it D listing its long run effects Text 3 This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein or The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley Even before the invention of the electric light bulb the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence An raises fundamental questions What is intelligence identity or consciousness what makes humans humans What is being called artificial general intelligence machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look move and respond like humans similar to those recently depicted on popular sci fi Tv series such as Westworld and Humans 12 Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced says David Eagleman a Stanford University neuroscientist We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there But that doesn t mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren t at hand The coming use of autonomous vehicles for example poses thorny ethical questions Human drivers sometime make split second decisions Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes input from past driving experiences and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment AI vision today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem Whenever decisions are based on masses of data you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions notes Tan Kiat How chief executive of a Singapore based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al Along 13 with Singapore other governments and mega corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines Britain is setting up a data ethics center India released its Al ethics strategy this spring On June 7 Google pledged not to design or deploy Ar that would cause overall harm or to develop Al directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights While the statement is vague it represents one starting point So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable transparent and fair To put it another way How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity s highest values Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein s out of control monster 31 Mary Shelley s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because A fascinates Al scientists all over the world B has remained popular for as long as 200 years C involves some concerns raised by Al today D has sparked serious ethical controversies 14 32 In David Eagleman s opinion our current knowledge of consciousness A helps explain artificial intelligence B can be misleading to robot making C inspires popular sci fi TV series D is too limited for us to reproduce it 33 The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles A can hardly ever be found B is still beyond our capacity C causes little public concern D has aroused much curiosity 34 The authors attitude toward Google s pledges is one of A Affirmation B skepticism C contempt D respect 35 Which of the following would be the best title for the text A Al s Future In the Hands of Tech giants B Frankenstein the Novel Predicting the Age of A C The Conscience of Al Complex But Inevitable D AI Shall Be Killers once out of Control Text 4 States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases 15 under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office the business did t have to collect sales tax for the state Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren t charged it but most didn t realize they owed it and few paid Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long term prosperity and has prevented market 16 participants from competing on an even playing field The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn t before Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to Amazon com with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it though third party sellers who use the site don t have to Until now many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy which provide platforms for smaller sellers also hat collecting sales tax nationwide Under the ruling Thursday states can pass laws out state sellers to collect the state s sales tax from customers and send it to the stale Retail trade groups praised the ruling saying it levels the playing field for local and online 17 businesses The losers said retail analyst Neil Saunders are online only retailers especially smaller ones Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision 36 The Supreme Court decision Thursday will A Dette business relations with states B put most online business in a dilemma C make more online shoppers pay sules tax D force some sates to ct sales tax 37 It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions A have led to the domainance of e commerce B have cost consumers a lot over the years C were widely criticized by online purchase D were consider unfavorable by states 38 According to Justice Anthony Kennedy the physical presence rule has A hindered economic development 18 B brought prosperity to the country C harmed fair market competition D Boosted growth in states revenue 39 Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling A Internet entrepreneurs B Big chair owners B Third party sellers D Small retailers 40 In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the author A gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences B describes the long and complicated process of its making C presents its main points with conflicting views on them D cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications Part B Directions The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For Questions 41 45 you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A G and filling then into the numbered boxes Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 10 points A These tools can help you win every argument not in the unhelpful sense of beating your 19 opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them If we readjust our view of arguments from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding then we change the very nature of what it means to win an argument B Of course many discussions are not so successful Still we need to be careful not to accuse opponen