中学英语语法漫谈-高中英语语法讲解带习题,相当好的资料.doc

1 一 冠词用法小结 冠词的用法在英语学习中较为复杂 千头万绪 尤其是惯用法 请同学们平时学习时注意 积累 以下不过是谈谈冠词的一些常规的用法 一 不定冠词的用法 1 泛指人或事物的类别 相当于 any 如 A hammer is tool A steel worker makes steel 2 泛指某人或某物 A boy is waiting for you There is a book on your desk 3 表 one 或 every We work 8 hours a day I go home twice a month 4 表示 the same 的意思 Birds of a the same feather flock together people of a kind come together 5 用在不可数名词前 a 用在物质名词前 一种 一份 A large coffee for me It was a wonderful tea b 用在某些表示风 雨等的名词前 It was clear daylight now and a fine rain was falling There is a cold wind this morning c 用在抽象名词前 一种 That is a great disappointment It s a pleasure to work with you 6 用在某些专有名词前 某个叫 的人 一张 的画 一个象 的人等 I saw a Mrs Smith on the 12th at 2 00 He had a Van Gogh in the dining room What a strange London they saw He s a living Lei Feng 7 用于某些固定词组中 a few a little a good many a lot of all of a sudden as a rule have a cold 等 8 在元音音素开头的名词前应用 an 如 an apple an English book 要以发音为准 并非以 元音字母而定 如 a university an hour an h an X ray examination 二 定冠词的用法 1 表特定的或上文提到的人或物 The boy likes the film Shut the door please The old poor peasant has a son The son is a model worker 2 表示世界上独一无二的东西 the earth the moon the stars the sun 但 space 前不用 3 用在序数词 形容词或副词最高级前 the second the tallest the last the first 4 用在由普通名词构成的国家 党派或组织机构等的专有名词前 the United States the People s Republic of China the Communist Party of China the Chinese People s Liberation Army the No 15 Middle School the department of Education 5 用在某些建筑物名称前 2 The Great Hall of the People the Monument to the People s Heroes the Great Wall the Capital Theatre the Space Museum the Peace Hotel 6 用在江河海洋 山脉群岛 海峡海湾等专有名词前 The Changjiang River the Red Sea the Dabie Mountains the English Channel the Taiwan Straits the Persian Gulf 7 用在报纸 会议 条约等专有名词前 the People s Daily 但 China Daily the New York Times the 15th Party Congress the Geneva Agreement 8 用在方位名词前 某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中 on the left in the east in the morning on the other hand in the end hit sb on the head catch sb by the arm 9 用在形容词前表一类人 the poor the dead the young the rich the wounded 10 用在双方都知 不言而喻的名词前 Give me the book Who s the man 用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人 the Smiths the Greens the Wangs the Turners 11 用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物 指整个一类 The horse is a useful animal The computer was invaded not long ago 但更多时候表特指 The horse is ill 12 指世纪的年代 in the 1890 s 或 in the 1890s 13 用在表示乐器的名词前 play the piano the guitar the violin the flute 14 用在某国语言前 构成 the language 的形式 The English language is very widely used all over the world 如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式 则不用 the Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world 15 用于 论 或按 计 之类的意思 He got paid by the hour They sell the cloth by the meter 三 不用冠词的场合 1 专有名词 物质名词 抽象名词 人名 地名前一般不用冠词 China Johnson Air is matter Sound is invisible 2 当名词已被指示代词 物主代词 名词所有格限制时 This book is good I read my English book every day 3 注 指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用 my that book 应该说 that book of mine 街名 广场名 公园名前 Wall Street Tian anmen Square Hyde Park 4 省市 大学名前 Hubei Province 但 the Province of Hubei Wuhan City 但 the City of Wuhan Qinghua 3 University 但 the University of Qinghua 5 湖泊前一般不用冠词 East Lake Salt Lake Dongting Lake 6 山峰前不用冠词 Mount Hua Mount Tai Mount Everest 7 月份 星期 节日 三餐饭的名词前 March Christmas Sunday Have you had lunch Spring is the best season of the years 但月份或季节被限定则须冠词 I arrived here in the winter of 1993 8 称呼语 表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词 What s this John We made Li Hai monitor 9 学科名 球类 棋类名词六前 We like maths They often play football 10 泛指的复数名词前 Students must work hard at their lesson 11 与 by 连用的交通工具或表示方式 手段的名词前 by bus by hand by radio by air by water 冠词用法巩固练习冠词用法巩固练习 1 I m afraid I dare not speak in public Just have try A a 不填 B 不填 a C the a D the the 2 As you know man can t live without water A 不填 不填 B a theC a 不填 D 不填 the 3 The police have power to arrest bad people by law A the the B 不填 the C 不填 不填 D the 不填 4 Paris is most beautiful city where you can see famous Eiffel Tower A a the B a 不填 C the a D 不填 the 5 Do you like the novels I don t like either of them Please show me third one A aB the C XD an 6 Keep away from the cage lion is fierce animal A The the B A the C A 不填 D The a 7 The class named Lei Fang is one of the best classed in this school A in honor of B in the place of C in favor of D in the way of 8 What about bike Do you think it all right to buy him that bike as birthday gift A a a B the aC a the D the the 9 First aid is science of giving medical care to person A the 不填 a B the the a C a 不填 the D 不填 a the 4 10 Please pay attention to your spelling You ve dropped n here A an B the C 不填 D a 11 Bill Clinton took office on January 20th 1993 and became 42nd US President A an the B 不填 theC the 不填 D 不填 不填 12 Have you seen pen I left it here this morning I think I saw one somewhere Is it red one A a the aB a a theC the 不填 aD a 不填 a 13 The news is spreading from mouth to mouth Yes it s become talk of town A a aB the 不填 C the theD a 不填 14 Now the machine runs at double A a speed B speedC the speedD for speed 15 I hope you will be ready to leave on time Don t worry I ll be ready the taxi arrives A by the timeB in time for C at the time of D until the time when 16 If he goes on swimming in that lake for four hours he in it for twelve hours A another will have been swimmingB a will swim C other has swumD the will be swimming 17 Charley Oakley NBA All star hasn t missed game in past three years I can t believe it A an a B a the C the a D an the 18 What did you think of the place I didn t car for it at first but after time I got to like it A 不填 the B the aC the 不填 D 不填 a 19 In the past ten years there have been many changes in family life Are these changes A better or worseB for best or for worst C for the good or for the badD for the better or for the worse 20 The letter I should have received it this morning A is to be mailedB has been mailedC had been mailedD was being mailed 21 Towards morning heavy snow began to fall A the aB an a C a 不填 D 不填 the 22 My mother is usually on duty in her office every few days A the a B 不填 aC 不填 不填 D a 不填 23 He has finished A a day workB day s workingC a day s workD a day work 24 May we come in right now Certainly but only two are allowed 5 A at a timeB in a whileC at one timeD for a while 25 No wonder failed in the driving test for second time A has she the B she has the C has she aD she has a 26 When did you recognize her I met her A A momentB The moment C The moment whenD For a moment 27 Is this radio show still No It will be broadcast again next month A by airB through the airC on the airD in the air 28 The evening meal for Americans is usually long and for families to gather together A time B a dateC a timeD the date 29 Duffield White who is in charge of the competition said that the boy was the youngest winner of prize A 不填 a B the the C 不填 the D one the 30 The building was named Ford Hall a man named James Ford A for memory of B in the memory thatC in memory of D in a memory for 31 Oh Mary you have given us I so soon A how pleasant surprise had no idea that you come B how pleasant surprise don t suppose you will come C how pleasant a surprise didn t suppose you would come D what pleasant surprise don t think you have come 32 These two rooms are of size But another two rooms are three times size of them A the the B a the C a aD the a 33 It is not rare in that people in fifties are going to university for further education A 90s the B the 90s 不填 C 90 s theirD the 90 s their 34 What s your elder sister She is teacher and writer A the the B a 不填 C a a D the a 35 Professor Smith had not given talk on Shakespeare for a long time so he had to brush up on some of plays A 不填 不填 B a the C the 不填 D the the 36 played an important roll in field hospitals during the war A A X ray equipmentB An X ray equipment C X ray equipmentsD X ray equipment 37 At midnight they reached small village east of Ever white Mountain A a 不填 the B a 不填 不填 C the the theD the an an 38 Young as he is David has gained rich experience in society A 不填 不填 B the the C a 不填 D 不填 the 39 What do you think of the TV play Hand in Hand 6 Just so so However I don t think it is worth watching A a second timeB the second timeC for the second timeD secondly 40 The warmth of sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used A the theB the 不填C 不填 theD 不填 不填 Key 1 10 BADAA DABAA 11 20 BDDCA AADAD 21 30 ACCAD BCCCC 31 40 CBDBB DAAAB 二 介词 介词又叫做前置词 是一种虚词 不能单独在句子当中担当成分 它后面必须接名词 代 词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配 介词 宾语 构成介词短语 和动词搭配构成短语动词 然 后才能够在句子当中充当成分 介词分为简单介词 如 at in on besides since for 等 合成介词 如 inside outside without within into onto 等 短语介词 或成语介词 如 because of in front of instead of in spite of 等 二重介词 如 from behind until after 等 一 介词短语的句法功能 介词在句子中可以充当定语 状语 表语 以及宾语补足语等 1 作定语 介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后 The key to the door is missing The water tower in front of our school was built in 1988 2 作表语 或称为 主语的补足语 Some students are in the classroom and some on the playground As we know Japan is to the east of China 3 作宾语补足语 或称为 宾语的表语 Did you see a pen under my desk this morning They have sent another rocket into the sky 4 作状语 1 On Sundays the family are mostly out 时间状语 2 On top of the hill stands a TV tower 地点状语 3 He is used to sleeping with all the windows open 伴随状语 4 In the search for the lost child the villagers went all out 目的状语 5 All the work must be done by hand 方式状语 6 At times I go to the cinema 频度状语 7 She is by far the best student in our class 程度状语 8 Because of poverty he couldn t go to school 原因状语 9 To my surprise he got the first prize in the contest 结果状语 或评注性状语 7 10 Without our Party we couldn t live a happy life 条件状语 11 In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through 让步状语 12 As a matter of fact nobody agreed to his project 评注性状语 In my opinion you d better go with us 二 介词的复合结构 介词 宾语 补足语 可以构成介词的复合结构 在句子当中可充当表语 定语 状语 补语等 这种结构中的宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系 使得句子意义更加丰 富 常见的这类介词有 with without like of 等 1 介词 宾语 形容词 He is used to sleeping with all the windows open 2 介词 宾语 分词 Bamboo leaves swing in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something At the beginning of school the noise of desks being opened and closed and lessons of being repeated at the top of the children s voices could be heard out in the street The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched 3 介词 宾语 不定式 The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me 4 介词 宾语 副词 The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on 5 介词 宾语 介词短语 The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm 三 介词的叠用 在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语 也就是我们所称的二重介词 如 The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl In the spring new bamboo shoots come out from around their own roots He kept on working until after lunch 四 介词 and 介词 有些介词短语用两个意义相反的介词构成从而使句子精简化 Not knowing what to do the worried officer walked up and down the room There are many trees in and outside the town 五 介词与其同形的与副词区别 有些介词可做副词用 但我们知道副词可以单独在句子中担当成分 而介词须加宾语构成 短语才可在句子中充当成分 试比较 Please come in in 为副词 into the room We have no car but we can go there without without 为副词 without a car Although the exam was difficult I managed to get through through 为副词 through the exam 六 常易混用介词的区别 1 表示 上 下 等方位的介词 见下图 8 2 表示地点的 in 和 at 的区别 a at 表示位置 in 表示 在 内 如 Where is he He is at the cinema 问话者想知道的是位置 Is he in the cinema Yes he is 问话者可能已经在影院门外 b at 表示小地点 in 表示大地点 They arrived at the village at seven They arrived in Beijing at seven 但若某一个大地点并不是最后的终点 仍然用 at 例如 The train from Beijing to Guangzhou will arrive at Wuhan at twelve o clock 武汉只是从北京开往广州这趟列车途中的一个站 并非目的地 3 in to 和 on 在方位名词前的区别 in 表示在某范围之内 to 表示某范围之外的地方 on 表示 毗邻 接壤 Taiwan lies in the east of China Taiwan lies to the east of the mainland of China Mongolia 蒙古 is lies on the north of China 4 表示时间的 in 和 after 用于将来时态时 in 后面接 时段 after 后面接 时点 试比较 He will be back in five hours He will be back after five o clock after 后面也可接 时段 但应该用在过去时态的句子中 They came back after five days 5 表示时间的 at in 和 on 1 at 表示 钟点时刻 黎明 正午 黄昏 夜晚 午夜 周末 节日期间 He often gets up at daybreak dawn They will begin their journey at New Year 2 in 表示 上 下 午 晚间 星期 月份 年份 世纪 He was born in 1988 3 on 表示具体日期或具体的上 下 午 节日的当天 美国英语周末前也用 on He died on the morning of August 15th 1985 但若 morning afternoon evening 等词前面有 early 或 late 等修饰语则仍然用 in 如 He died in the early morning of August 15th 1985 9 6 表时间的 since 和 for since 后接时点 for 接时段 均常与完成时态连用 He has been here since last Friday He has been here for five days 当表示 多少次 时不能用 for 表示 第几次 位于句首时须加 for 而位于句尾时 for 可以省略也可保留 He has been to Beijing three times 不可用 for three times For the first time I have come here I have come here for the first time 7 表示位置的 between 和 among between 表示 个与个之间 并非只能指两者 可用 and 也可接复数名词 如 The teacher sat between Tom Jack Kate Jane and Mary You d better eat nothing between meals among 则笼统地指 在 之中 后接复数名词或代词 The teacher sat among the students 8 except besides but except for but for except that when 1 except 用作介词 意为 除了 整个句子所表达的意思重点在 except 所构成的介 词短语上 例如 Nobody felt anxious except him 只有他才焦虑不安 2 except 和 besides 两者都有 除去 之意 但前者指 但并不包括 是 排除 之意 后者指 除 此之外还有 有 外加 之意 例如 There are six of us besides Tom 除汤姆外 另外我们还有 6 个人 3 except 和 but but 用作介词时 意思是 除 外 别无 只有 but 多与 no one nothing who all everyone 等连用 它可与 except 互换 例如 No one but a fool would believe it Who but he would do such a thing 4 except for 和 except that when 二者意为 只是 或 除 外 表示理由或细节 修正前面所说的情况 except for 后面接单词 except that when 后面接句子 整个句子所表达的意思重点在主 句中 而 except 所构成的介词短语只是次要的 例如 Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes Your composition is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes 比较 All the compositions are good except Li Hua s 大家的作文都好 只有李华的除外 5 except for 和 but for except for 用于陈述语气 but for 用于虚拟语气 要不是 例如 Except for its temples the place is not worth seeing 10 But for your help I couldn t have finished the work on time 6 except but 十动词不定式 可带 to 或不带 to 当 but 或 except 之前没有动词 do 的某种形式时 其后的不定式要带 to 例如 They did nothing except but watch TV I could not do anything except bur just wait for him to come round 巩固训练 1 Do you still remember the film we saw the end of last week A inB byC atD to 2 That he had a lot of practice volleyball was the reason why he defeated all the other players A inB atC onD about 3 the sound of the knocking on the door he rose and went to open it A AtB OnC ToD Heard 4 You can find the store No 19 Beijing Road A onB atC near toD in 5 Please wait for me the corner of that street three o clock A in atB at onC in forD at at 6 I bought these books one yuan a copy A atB byC onD in 7 I can t buy it such a price A ofB forC atD with 8 The student is sitting his desk A overB aroundC atD for 9 when the spaceship leaves the earth very high speed the astronauts feel as if they are being crushed the spaceship A with inB at onC with toD at against 10 The child hid himself the door A afterB behindC in the front ofD ago 11 She left the party her headache A becauseB sinceC in spite ofD because of 12 You shouldn t eat so much chocolate meals A exceptB betweenC unlessD through 13 some animals sleep day and wake up night A by byB at byC by onD on in 14 What time is it please It is seven my watch A inB atC forD by 15 You ll be able to speak English practicing from time to time A inB byC withD for 11 16 the end of last year we had leaned five English songs A AtB ByC InD On 17 A man should not be judged always what he says A byB inC withD to 18 The guests will be here two o clock A inB onC for D by 19 some people got up and left the hall the show A whileB duringC betweenD through 20 How much must I pay you the tickets tonight A of ofB for forC for aboutD for to 21 I am grateful your help me A to forB for toC to toD for for 22 Joan is always praised her cleverness A ofB inC forD by 23 It s quite warm today January A forB inC atD on 24 I bought this book fifty cents A atB aboutC atD for 25 Chinese is a language more native speakers than any of the other languages A withB spokenC whichD has 26 Please write pencil not ink A in withB in a withC with a inD with in 27 the development of science and technology our country has become richer and stronger A InB ByC AtD With 28 the rise in prices life is getting harder A WithB OnC AsD For 29 He has no good pen A to writeB to write withC to write onD writing 30 Mary was disappointed when she found but they had gone to the ball her A exceptB except forC forD without 31 Xiao Li masters several other foreign languages English He studies German Japanese and Russian A besideB besidesC butD except 32 The soldier stood quite still his lips moved slightly A except thatB except forC exceptD besides 33 Your composition is good a few spelling mistakes A besidesB exceptC except forD except that 34 Peter s car is excellent the color A exceptB besidesC except forD only except 35 Everybody went to the exhibition Mary 12 A notB butC forD by 36 We live a long way the factory A toB forC from D in 37 The town lies the west of the river A atB inC fromD to 38 Let s walk over the sun on the other side of the street A inB toC underD by 39 There are a lot of news today s newspaper A inB onC atD with 40 Say something about your school English A inB withC byD for 41 The girl will give us a report A on blueB of blueC in blueD at blue 42 Please ask him if he will join us playing table tennis A onB atC inD with 43 This vegetable is very rich iron A ofB inC withD for 44 He has been caught the rain and is wet through and through A byB inC atD up with 45 Look there is a hole the wall A onB atC inD of 46 What is the difference pronunciation these two words A of inB in betweenC in amongD of between 47 The doctor will be back ten minutes A afterB inC onD at 48 The desk stands the corner of the room near the window A onB atC underD in 49 Do you like dressing yourself new clothes A onB inC withD by 50 Please come to see me two day s time A duringB afterC forD in KEY 1 10 CBABD ACCDB 11 20 DBADB BADBB 21 30 BCADA CDABD 31 40 BACCB CDBAA 41 50 CCBBC BBDBD 三 代词和数词 代词 一 人称代词 13 1 主格和宾格 1 通常 人称代词主格用做主语或表语 宾格用做动词或介词的宾语 句子的结构如有 变化 也应能加以分析 确定选用哪种形式 例如 It was he who told a lie It s not me who whom he wants 作宾语 This is a secret it s between you and me 作介词宾语 2 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格 例如 He is taller than me I am I don t swim so well as her she does 2 两种所有格 人称代词所有格称为物主代词 物主代词分