医学英语写作与翻译结果写作

医学英语写作与翻译,结果部分的内容与写法,结果,Follow the guidelines below for writing a good Results section: Present the results in the past tense. Present them in a logical sequence. State them clearly and simply. Use table and graphs to summarize large amounts of data. Do not repeat in the text the numerical evidence presented in figures and tables. Do not present the same data in figures and tables. Mention negative results if they are likely to be of interest to other research workers in the field. Give statistical significance. Estimate accuracy and precision of the results. Avoid redundancy and vague statements.,结果-Example,Results A total of 15 patients (Males-11, Females-4) were studied. The mean age at the start of therapy was 12 years (range- 7-15 years). At the beginning and at the end of therapy, all patients thyroid function, creatinine, hemoglobin, electrolytes, blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, calcium, and liver function tests were in normal range Table - 1. The maximum mean stimulated Growth Hormone level was 0.71ng/ml. Two patients had multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies and had substitution therapy with thyroxine in a dose of 100microgram/m 2 for over a year while two patients were on anti-epileptic therapy. Two patients reported urticaria during the first month of therapy, which subsided without anti-allergy treatment, while headache was reported by two patients. No other local or systemic reactions possibly occurring due to growth hormone administration were noted. Two boys showed enlargement in the testicular volume from 3 to 5 ml during the course of the study.,结果-Example,The pretreatment and post treatment auxological data is presented in Table - 2 (mean SD) and Figure - 1 while the height, weight, height velocity, BMI standard deviation scores (Z scores) as well as the predicted heights have been presented in Table - 3. The mean pretreatment height velocity was 3.1 cm/year, which improved to 12.1 cm/year on therapy with rhGH. Thus there was a statistically significant mean increase of 9.03cm/year in the height velocity (p=0.001). The mean increment in bone age was 1.4 years at the end of therapy. The differences between pretreatment and post treatment height Z score, height velocity Z score and height prediction were significant (p=0.001 for all). The mean pretreatment predicted height was 146.5 cms 10.4 and at the end of therapy it was 153.0 cm 9.4. The mean increment in predicted adult height at the end of therapy was 6.5 cm (4.2).,结果部分的动词形式,(1) 结果部分的时态与材料与方法部分基本相同，一般用过去时。 确诊时的平均年龄为47岁(最小1个月，最大86岁)。43例(16)20岁，90例(32)60岁；152例(55)为男性。所有患者均为白人。174例表现出心脏病症状的患者经超声心动图检查诊断为HCM。新近发现心脏杂音或心电图(ECG)异常82例，HCM家族史21例。从首次诊断到最近一次的临床评估或至死亡前的临床评估随访时间为81年(范围6个月31年)。 Mean age at diagnosis was 47 years (range 1 month to 86 years). Forty-three patients (16%) were younger than 20 years while 90 patients (32%) were 60 years or older; 152 (55%) were men. All patients were white. Circumstances that led directly to the diagnosis of HCM by echocardiography were cardiac symptoms ( n = 174), a newly detected heart murmur or abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) findings (n = 82), or family history of HCM (n = 21). Duration of follow-up from initial diagnosis to the most recent clinical evaluation or death was 8.1 years (range, 6 months to 31 years).,结果部分的动词形式,(2) 表示研究实验结果时，有时追述结果之前的情况，则用过去完成时。用相同的方法对两名中暑病员(中暑虚脱)进行了治疗。第一名中暑病员 是在研究志愿受试者之前进行治疗的。 Two heat casualties(heat exhaustion) were treated by this method. The first was treated before the volunteers had been studied.几乎所有的病人在开始接受全胃肠外营养后不久以及在作出胆道疾病诊断之前，都有肝功检验结果异常。 In almost all of these patients, the abnormal results of liver function tests had been noted early after the initiation of TPN of these patients.,结果部分的动词形式,(3) 说明表注和图注的内容、数据、图形和符号用一般现在时 表3表明，调整年龄后，收缩压和舒张压与钾摄取量之间关系的回归坡度，男性与女性相似。 即钾摄取量每上升10毫克分子，收缩压平均下降约1.71.8毫米. Table 3 shows that the age-adjusted regression slopes for systolic and diastolic BP on potassium intake are similar for men and women. Every 10 mmol increase in potassium intake is associated with an average decrease of about 1.7 to 1.8 mm systolic pressure.饮食变量包括蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、热卡、酒精和钙(男性)。 Dietary variables are protein，fat，carbohydrate，calories，alcohol，and calcium(in men)数据以标准差(SD)表示。 Data are presented as mean SDMI：心肌梗死 MI indicates myocardial infarction,结果部分的常用表达,(1) 表与图的表达见表(图). ： is showedpresented in Table (Figure) = The distribution of the lesion is shown in Table - 1. 表(图).说明.：Table (Figure).showsindicatesdemonstrate illustrate (that) = Table-2 shows the association between various socio-demographic factors and immunization coverage. 正如表(图)所示：as showed in Table (Figure). .与密切相关：was strongly associated with = Although nurses may keep more complete records than doctors,5 higher proportions of clinical input from nurses were not associated with higher quality scores.与.反相关：.was inversely correlated with = In comparison, we show histone H3 methylation levels on Lys9 to be inversely correlated with NF-B p65 binding in LPS-stimulated normal cells,.与.成正比：was indirect proportion to增加：was increased toby.减少：was decreasedreduceddroppedlowereddeclined byto .,结果部分的常用表达,数量的增减 常见的表示增减意义的动词有：increase, rise, raise, decrease, fall, decline, reduce, drop, lower等。1. With prazosin, the average cardiac index increased 20 per cent and systemic vascular resistance decreased 20 per cent. By contrast, hydralazine increased cardiac index by 58 per cent and decreased systemic vascular resistance by 40 per cent. 使用哌唑嗪，平均心脏指数增加20，全身血管阻力下降20。相比之下，使用肼苯达嗪，心脏指数增加58，而全身血管阻力下降40。2. Activity of normal myocardium declined further by 63% from 30 to 240 min of reperfusion, while activity in the transiently ischemic myocardium decreased by 15.5% 经过30-240分钟的反复灌注，正常心肌活力降低了63，而短暂性心肌缺血的心肌活力降低了15.5。3. The total time of treatment can then be reduced to 18-22 days. 而后，总治疗时间可以减少到1822天。,结果部分的常用表达,注意：表示倍数的fold、time等词，前面有没有介词by，其含义是不相同的。如increase by 5 fold是“增加5倍”；increase 5 fold是“增加到5倍”，即增加4倍。.与.成反比：.was inversely indirectly proportional to = As a subtype of IVH, GMH is classified as an injury of prematurity with an incidence inversely proportional to gestational age and birth weight.与.相比：was compared towith,结果部分的常用表达,(2) 多数值的表达，常采用并列形式，可用逗号、分号或括号隔开。 The relationship of antibody-coated bacteria to clinical syndromes was：asymptomatic bacteriuria，15(27178)；cystitis，8 (675)；acute hemorrhagic cystitis，67(46)；prostatitis， 67(23)；and acute pyelonephritis，62(1626) 被抗体包裹的细菌与临床综合征的关系是：无症状菌尿15(27178)；膀胱炎8(675)；急性出血性膀胱炎67(46)；前列腺炎67(23)；急性肾盂肾炎62(1626)。 Liver function test results were bilirubin 0.4 mg，serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 51 U (normal less than 40 U)，alkaline phosphatase 234 U (normal less than 110U)， and 5nucleotidase 17 U (normal less than 9 U) 肝功检查结果是：胆红素04mg，血清谷草转氨酶51单位 (正常值在40单位以下)，碱性磷酸酶234单位(正常值在110 单位以下)，5核苷酸酶17单位(正常值在9单位以下)。 胰腺炎5例和心肌炎2例：pancreatitis，5 patients and myocarditis，2 patients Hbl45gL，WBC85X109L：hemoglobin，145g100mi；total white blood cell count，8 500mm3 恶心呕吐1114，腹泻714：nausea and vomiting(11 of 14)，diarrhea (7 of 14),结果部分的常用表达,(3) 表示数量中的一部分，用介词of，out of，among等。 这三种表达法意义相同，使用频率以of为最高，out of与among次之。 注意：小数目可用作主语，也可不用作主语。不作主语时，往往与介词in搭配连用。1用介词of1)Three hundred and forty of 5,086 patients undergoing operations on the extrahepatic biliary trees required reoperations on this system 在5 086例施行过胆道手术的患者中，有340例须再次作胆道手术。2) Of l90 previously untreated patients，16 have died of seminoma 在190例过去未经治疗的患者中，有16例死于精原细胞瘤。3) In 10 of the 37 patients，no long-term palliation was accomplished 37例患者中10例症状缓解时间不长。,结果部分的常用表达,2用介词out of4) Twenty out of 22 patients complained of pain in toes and fingers due to disturbances of microcirculation 在22例患者中有20例主诉由于微循环紊乱引起的足趾和手指疼痛。5) Out of 4 patients with small-cell carcinoma，2 showed an objective response to oral treatment 在4例小细胞癌患者中有2例口服药物客观有效。6) Death from seminoma occurred in 3 out of l6 patients with nodal metastases、=、+、X、等。例如，脾重体重X100=克(脾)100克体重：spleen weightbody weight x l00 and expressed as g100g body weight(5)表达数值范围 在.之间：range from.to.；range between.and.；vary fromto.；vary betweenand.；with a range of.to. 从到：.fromto；to.；，1The duration of therapy ranged from nine to eighteen months 治疗时间为918个月。2Serum salicylate concentrations ranged between 30 and 40mg100ml 血清水杨酸盐浓度在3040mgl00ml之间。3The patients ranged in age from 33 to 80 years 患者年龄在33-80岁之间。4Their mean age was 34.81.5 with a range of l4 to 56 years 他们的年龄在1456岁之间，平均34815岁。 (注意： range如是名词，后面只能接of.to.;不可用from.to.)。,结果部分的常用表达,(6) 表示比、比例和率，如：ratio；：；vs；rate等。 男女之比为15：13：The ratio of male to female is15：13. THF与allo-THF之比值：the ratio of THF to allo-THF 辅助T细胞抑制T细胞之比值：T-helperT-suppressor ratio 72比42：72 vs42,结果部分的常用表达,(7) 另加数与其余数“另有多少例”与“其余多少例”的表达方法如下： another + 数词 + 名词(其他；另) the other + 数词 + 名词(其他；另) 数词 + others (另) an additional + 数词 + 名词(另) 数词 + additional + 名词(另) a further + 数词 + 名词(另) the remaining + 数词 + 名词(其余) the remainder(其余),结果部分的常用表达,1 ) Of 20 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome who underwent visceral angiography, only 3 had unequivocally positive studies for primary pancreatic tumors; another 5 patients had equivocal diagnoses based on adequate studies. 在20例做了内脏血管造影的Zollinger-Ellison综合征患者中，仅3例确诊为原发性胰腺肿瘤；另有5例虽通过适当的检查，但不能最后确诊。2 ) Circulating platelet microthrombi were evaluated during the acute and convalescent phases of illness in 44 patients admitted to the hospitai for chest pain. Circulating platelet microthrombi were significantly increased during the acute phase in 22 patients with transmural myocardial infarction compared with values in the other 22 patients without myocardial infarction. 我们检查了44例因胸痛住院的患者，对急性期与恢复期间循环血中血小板微栓进行计数。22例透壁性心肌梗塞患者与另22例无心肌梗塞的患者相比，前者在急性期循环血小板微栓大大增多。,结果部分的常用表达,3 ) Twelve patients with primary pleural tumors died of respiratory failure; three others with pericardial involvement died of congestive heart failure or arrhythmias. 12例原发性胸膜肿瘤患者死于呼吸衰竭；另外3例有心包受累的患者死于充血性心力衰竭或心律失常。4) One hundred and fourteen evaluable patients with measurable metastatic breast cancer were treated with a combination chemoimmunotherapy program. An additional 117 patients with similar characteristics were treated with the same program with the addition of bacillus Calmette-Guerin by scarification. 我们对114例能进行评价的、有可测指标的转移性乳腺癌患者进行了化学免疫联合治疗，而另外117例类似的患者除用化学免疫联合治疗外，还加用卡介苗划痕治疗。,结果部分的常用表达,5) A total of 178 patients was available for follow-up. Of these 2 proved to have carcinomas on immediate follow-up, and a further 2 patients developed cancers in the same breast, one 4 and the other 7 years after aspiration. 可随访的患者共178例。在这些患者中，有2例一开始随访就被确诊有癌症。另2例在同一乳房发生癌肿，分别见于针吸后4年及7年。6) The remaining 18 of the 67 patients, who lost an average of 17kg experienced a mean increase of 2.1 mg/dl in serum uric acid. 67例患者中剩下的18例，体重平均减少17公斤，血清尿酸平均增加2.1mg/dl。7) In 25 of the 111 patients hypertension developed; their mean weight was not significantly higher than that of the remainder. 在111例患者中，有25例发生高血压；他们的平均体重并不明显超过其余的人。,结果部分的常用表达-Exercise 1,练 习 将下列句中汉语部分译成英语，并尽可能应用不同的表达法：1)_ (在所研究的29例患者中，12人有恶性淋巴瘤)with diffuse large-cell cytomorphology(细胞形态学)._(在这12人中有一人有)an immunoblastic(淋巴母细胞的) cell type._(其余17例有) neoplasia of a widely diverse nature2)_ (在111人)with asymptomatic(无症状的) hyperuricemia(尿酸过多) followed for 108 months，atherosclerotic(动脉粥样硬化的) heart disease developed_ (6人)；their mean weight was 77.4kg compared with 79.7kg_(在其余人)3) During 20 years of follow-up of 5,127 men and women initially free of coronary heart disease in the FraminSham cohort，193 men and 53 women had one or more recognized symptomatic myocardial infarctions. _(另有45名男性与28名妇女)had unrecognized myocardial infarctions,Of 29 patients studied, 12 had malignant lymphoma,Only one of these 12 had,The remaining 17 patients,Among 111 subjects,in 6,in the remainder,An additional 45 men and 28 women,结果部分的常用表达-Exercise,4)An arteriographic(动脉造影) study has been made of the coronary collateral(侧支) circulation of l00 consecutive patients who had complete occlusion(闭塞,) of at least one coronary artery on coronary arteriography but who had contracting myocardium(心肌( 层) in the area once supplied by the occluded artery _(还有24名患者)were included who had coronary occlusion with a ventricular aneurysm(动脉瘤)5) _(另11例患者已经)under treatment with thyroxin(甲状腺素)，though one had defaulted(缺席)；_(在6例患者中)validity of the diagnosis was confirmed._(另5例)had marginally raised levels of serum thyrotrophin(促甲状腺素)6)_(7例未经治疗的患者患有T细胞白血病，另9例) had null cell lymphoblastic(成淋巴细胞的) leukemia(白血病)7)_(另5例军团病患者曾用红霉素治疗过),24 additional patients,Eleven other patients were already,in 6 of these,A further 5 patients,Seven untreated patients had T cell leukemias and nine others,In five additional patients, Legionnaires disease had been treated with erythromycin,结果部分的常用表达,(8) 极限数的表达(说明数量达到某一限度)a maximum of. 最大量值为a minimum of. 最小量值为as.as + 数词： 达.up to + 数词： 直到at least + 数词： 至少.1Daily fever persisted with temperatures reaching a maximum of 39.80 C on the fourth hospital day 在住院第四天，全天持续发热，最高达39.80C。2. The incubation period of the disease may be as long as 18-24 days. 该病的潜伏期可长达1824天。3. A total of 705 patients were followed for up to 10 years. 总数为705例的患者随访达10年之久。4. It is associated with a complication rate of up to 80%. 这与高达80的并发症发病率有关。,结果部分的常用表达,(9) respectively1The patients were respectively 41 and 34 years old men of good health (1)患者分别为41及34岁健康男性。 (2)两患者均为健康男性，一例41岁，一例34岁。2Serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase values were increased in 15 and 18 cases respectively (1)血清碱性磷酸酶及天冬氨酸转氨酶升高者分别为15及18例。 (2)血清碱性磷酸酶升高者为15例，天冬氨酸转氨酶升高者为18例。3The annual mortalityrate in such populations has averaged about 7 and 11in patients with 2 and 3 vessel disease，respectively 在这类人群中，两根血管病变与三根血管病变的患者年死亡率平均各为7及11。,结果部分的常用表达-Exercise 2,练 习 用respectively改写下列句子：1 ) The individual sensitivities of mammography(乳房X线照相术) for detecting breast cancer were 62% and the individual sensitivities of physical examination for detecting breast cancer were 24%.2) In these patients