研究生英语写作教程

COMPARISONANDCONTRAST比较与对比 教学重点 1 比较与对比的段落的写作手法 2 常用表达法和基本句型 3 连接词的运用 教学难点 段落的两种结构方式 教学内容 1Conceptsofcomparisonandcontrast2Strategies3Usefulexpressionsandsentencepatterns4Connectives 1 PicturesBrainstorming GeneratingIdeas 2 WritingStrategies Inmakingcontrast wehavetocompare Thereisnootherwaytopointoutthedifference i e thecontrast Whatisofgreatimportanceistoknowthatprofessionalwritersfrequentlyusethesetwostrategiestodevelopparagraphs Therearetwomajorwaysoforganizingparagraphsofcomparisonandcontrast Onewayistoexamineonethingthoroughlyandthenstarttheother Allaboutpattern Theotherwayistoexaminetwothingsatthesametime discussingthempointbypoint Seesawpattern 2 1Toexamineonethingthoroughlyandthenstarttheother Focus Theaspectsexaminedinthetwothingsshouldbeidenticalandinthesameorder Pattern A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 AllaboutPattern Example Contrast1 Myhometownisquitedifferentfromwhatitusedtobe Subtopic 2 Justalittlemorethattenyearsagomyhometownwasasmallquietplace A 1 3 Thehousesweresmallandmean A 2 3 Thestreetswereforthemostpartnarrowandwinding A 3 3 Therewerefewpeopleinthestreetsandshops Subtopic 2 Now everythinghaschanged B 1 3 Lookingineverydirectionfromthecenterofthetown oneseesalongsuccessionofgiant imposingbuildings B 2 3 Thestreets whetherlongorshort arestraight spacious andwell shaded B 3 3 Crowdsofpeoplecanbefoundhereandthere hurrying noisy andwell dressed CFromadulllittlevillagewithclustersofshabbyhousesinthepast myhometownhasnowtransformedintoabigcity cheerful colorful andprosperous 2 2Toexaminetwothingsatthesametime discussingthempointbypoint Focus Aspectsexaminedintwothingsshouldbeidenticalandinthesameorder Pattern A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3 SeesawPattern Example comparison 1 Despitetheirobviousdifferencesinlength theparagraphandtheessayarequitesimilarstructurally A 1 2 Forexample theparagraphisintroducedbyeitheratopicsentenceoratopicintroducerfollowedbyatopicsentence B 1 2 Intheessay thefirstparagraphprovidesintroductorymaterialandestablishesthetopicfocus A 2 2 Next thesentencesinthebodyofaparagraphdevelopthetopicsentence B 2 2 Similarly thebodyofanessayconsistsofanumberofparagraphsthatexpandandsupporttheideaspresentedintheintroductoryparagraph A 3 2 Finally aterminator whetherarestatement conclusion orobservation endstheparagraph B 3 2 Theessay too hasadevicewhichbringsitsideastoalogicallyandpsychologicallysatisfyingcompletion theconcludingparagraph C Althoughexceptionstothesegeneralizationsmaybeobservedinmoderncreativewriting mostwellwrittenexpositoryparagraphsandessaysarecomparableinstructure Notes 1 1 2 3 indicatesthelevelofgeneralityatwhichasentenceisintheparagraph 2 C istheshortformofconclusion thatis theconcludingsentence 2 3AnAnalysisofAnEssay Thesetwopatternscanalsobeusedtocomposeanessay NowreadthefollowingshortessayandanalyzeitaccordingtowhatyouhavelearnedsofarParisandWashingtondifferinageandpopulation however anyonewhohasseenthetwocitiescantellthattheyareverysimilar Ofcourse ParisismucholderthanWashington TheFrenchcityisover2000yearsold Washington incontrast isveryyoung Itislessthan250yearsold ThepopulationofParisisalsomuchlargerthanWashington sParishasmorethan2 500 000people Washingtonhasjustover700 000 Inspiteofthesedifferences thesimilaritiesarestriding First bothcitiesarethepoliticalcentersoftheircountries ThepresidentofFrancelivesintheheartofParis intheElyseesPalace Likewise thepresidentoftheUnitedStateshasitsmeetingplaceinWashington intheCapitol Second thetwocitieslooksimilar L Enfant theFrenchengineerwhodesignedWashington wasgreatlyinfluencedbythelayoutofthecapitalofFrance Forthisreason manyofthebuildingsandmonumentsinWashingtonaresymmetricallylocatedinviewsofoneanother justastheyareinParis Bothcitiesarealsothesitesofmagnificentmonuments importanthistoricallandmarks finemuseums beautifulparks andboard treelinedavenues Finally tourismisasimportantforWashingtonasitisforParisEveryyearmillionsoftouristsfromallpartsoftheworldvisitthesecitiestoviewtheirattractions Questions 1 Whichisthethesisstatementoftheessay 2 Findthetopicsentenceandcontrollingideaofthe2ndand3rdparagraph 3 Findtheconnectivesinthe3rdparagraph 4 Whichpatterndoesthisessayfollow 2 4PlanesofGeneralityoftheEssay 1 ParisandWashingtondifferinageandpopulation however anyonewhohasseenthetwocitiescantellthattheyareverysimilar Thesisstatement tellthereaderswhattheycanexpecttoreadintheessay 2 Thetwocitiesdifferinageandpopulation 3 Ofcourse ParisismucholderthanWashington 4 TheFrenchcityisover2000yearsold Washington incontrast isveryyoung Itislessthan250yearsold 3 ThepopulationofofParisisalsomuchlargerthanWashington s 4 Parishasmorethan2 500 000people Washingtonhasjustover700 000 2 Inspiteofthesedifferences thesimilaritiesarestriding 3 First bothcitiesarethepoliticalcentersoftheircountries 4 ThepresidentofFrancelivesintheheartofParis intheElyseesPalace Likewise thepresidentoftheUnitedStateshasitsmeetingplaceinWashington intheCapitol 3 Second thetwocitieslooksimilar 4 L Enfant theFrenchengineerwhodesignedWashington wasgreatlyinfluencedbythelayoutofthecapitalofFrance 5 Forthisreason manyofthebuildingsandmonumentsinWashingtonaresymmetricallylocatedinviewsofoneanother justastheyareinParis Bothcitiesarealsothesitesofmagnificentmonuments importanthistoricallandmarks finemuseums beautifulparks andboard treelinedavenues 3 Finally tourismisasimportantforWashingtonasitisforParis 4 Everyyearmillionsoftouristsfromallpartsoftheworldvisitthesecitiestoviewtheirattractions 3 ExpressionsandSentencePatterns 3 1Similarity a ModelAisthesameasModelBstructurally identicalwithindesign similartolikeb ThetwoModelsarealikestructurallyidenticalindesignthesamesimilarc Sweden likeFinland hasverylargeresourcesoftimber 3 2Difference ModelXisdifferentfromModelYstructurallyisnotthesameasindesign differsfrom 3 3Comparison ModelAischeap Similarly ModelBisinexpensive 3 4contrast whilewhereas whilst 而 含有相对之意 whilea ModelAisstylish whereasModelBisold fashioned whilstWhileWhereasModelAisstylish ModelBisold fashioned Whilstb but however nevertheless 但是 然而butModelAisstylish howeverModelBisold fashioned neverthelessc unlike与 有别 comparedwith 与 相比incontrastto与 成对比UnlikeComparedwithModelA ModelBisold fashioned Incontrasttod ontheotherhand然而 ModelAi