江苏2020版高考英语大一轮复习语法专题10形容词和副词讲义译林版.pdf

专题十专题十 形容词和副词形容词和副词 形容词和副词的核心考点 1 形容词和副词的作用与位置 形容词是用来修饰名词的 常被放在名词前作定语 或放在系动词后面作表语 而副词 则用来修饰形容词 动词 其他副词或者句子 一般位于形容词之前 动词之后或句子之首 以下属几种特殊情况 须牢记 1 形容词短语作定语 定语后置 a task difficult to finish 2 表语形容词 afraid alike alone asleep awake alive 等 作定语 定语后置 如 a man alive 有些表身体健康状况的形容词如 well faint ill 只作表语 sick 既可作 表语又可作定语 ill 如作定语意为 bad 3 用作定语 修饰由不定代词 one no any some 和 every 构成的复合词如 anything something 等时 通常后置 I have something important to tell you 4 else 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语 5 enough 修饰名词前置或后置 修饰形容词 动词或副词时 必须后置 6 几个副词并列作状语时 其顺序较灵活 但一般是 方式 地点 时间 We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday 7 频度副词如 often always usually 等在 be 动词后 行为动词前 8 副词作定语 定语后置 The person there is waiting for you 9 几个并列的形容词作定语 其语序通常为 限定词 包括冠词 所有格 人称代词 指示代词 数词等 观点词 品质 状态 即表示好 坏 美 丑等的词 形状或样式词 大小 长短或高低词 年龄或新旧词 颜色词 产地或来源词 材料或种类词 用途词 名 词 a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella 10 以 ly 结尾的词性辨析 下列单词以 ly 结尾 但却是形容词而非副词 lively lonely lovely deadly friendly ugly silly likely brotherly timely 等 表原意 无 ly 和引申意 有 ly 的副词 deep深 deeply深入地 wide宽广 widely广泛地 high高 highly高度地 low位置低 lowly地位卑微 有无 ly 意义大不相同的副词 dead完全 绝对 be dead asleep deadly非常 be deadly tired pretty相当 be pretty certain that prettily漂亮地 be prettily dressed close近 Don t sit close closely密切地 Watch closely late晚 迟 arrive late come late lately最近 I haven t seen him lately recently 题组训练 1 选词填空 sharp occasionally thankfully optional particular besides transparent permanent steady quite 1 It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music but it is quite another to play it well yourself 2 The old engineer s eyes still shone bright in the wrinkled brown face and his step as he came across the room was steady though slow 3 An unhappy childhood may have some negative effects on a person s character however they are not always permanent 4 The state run company is required to make its accounts as transparent as possible for its staff to monitor the use of money 5 The house was too expensive and too big Besides I d grown fond of our little rented house 6 She has already tried her best Please don t be too particular about her job 7 In that school English is compulsory for all students but French and Russian are optional 8 Thankfully I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end 9 I ve been writing this report occasionally for the last two weeks but it has to be handed in tomorrow 10 Nowadays there is a sharp increase in children s creativity for they are greatly encouraged to develop their talents 2 形容词和副词的比较等级 1 原级的构成和用法 构成 形容词 副词的原级即本身 用法 表示双方在程度 性质 特征等某方面相等时 用 as 原级形容词 副词 as 的结构 表示双方不相等时 用 not so as 原级形容词 副词 as 的结构 表示一方是 另一方的若干倍时 用 倍数 as 原级形容词 副词 as 的结构 Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu This building looks not so as high as that one Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you This room is three times as large as that one 2 比较级和最高级的构成 掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则 熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词 3 比较级的用法 表示一方超过另一方时 用 比较级 than 的结构表示 This picture is more beautiful than that one 表示一方不及另一方时 用 less 原级 than 的结构表示 This room is less beautiful than that one 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时 可在比较级前加表示程度的状语 如 even a lot a bit a little still much far yet by far 等修饰 He works even harder than before 注意 A 英语的比较级前如无 even still 或 yet 等时 译成汉语时可用 较 或 一些 或不译出 一般不可用 更 She is better than she was yesterday Please come earlier tomorrow B by far 通常用于强调最高级 用于比较级时 一般放在比较级的后面 如在前面 应在二者中间加 the He is taller by far than his brother He is by far the taller of the two brothers 表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时 用 the 比较级 主语 谓语 the 比较级 主 语 谓语 的结构 意为 越 越 The harder he works the happier he feels 不与其他事物相比 表示本身程度的改变时 用 比较级 and 比较级 的结构 The weather is getting colder and colder 某些以 ior 结尾的形容词进行比较时 用 to 代替 than 这些词有 inferior 劣等的 次的 superior 较好的 优于 junior 资历较浅的 senior 资格较老的 prior 在 之前 等 He is superior to Mr Zhang in chemistry 在比较从句中为了避免重复 我们通常用 that those one ones 代替前面出现的名 词 that 指物 one 既可指人又可指物 that 可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词 而 one 只 能代替可数名词 The book on the table is more interesting than that 或 the one on the desk A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood 倍数表达法 A A is three four etc times the size height length etc of B The new building is four times the size the height of the old one B A is three four etc times as big high long etc as B Asia is four times as large as Europe C A is three four etc times bigger higher longer etc than B Your school is three times bigger than ours 用 times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上 两倍可以用 twice 或 double 4 最高级的用法 三者或三者以上相比 表示最高程度时 用 the 最高级 的结构表示 这种句式 一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语 Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three He works the hardest in his class 最高级可被序数词以及 much by far nearly almost by no means not quite not really nothing like 等词语所修饰 This hat is by far much nearly almost not really by no means not quite nothing like the biggest 表示 最高程度 的形容词 如 excellent extreme perfect 等 没有最高级 也 不能用比较级 形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词 代词时 被修饰的词往往省略 He is the tallest boy in his class 作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词 Of all the boys he came the earliest 否定词 比较级 最高级 He has never spent a more worrying day 5 形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况 形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词 副词最高级前可不加冠词 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词 或不加冠词 不表比较 表示 非常 He is a most clever young policeman most very The film is most interesting most very 表示两者间 较 的一个 比较级前加 the Who is the older of the two boys 在 the 比较级 the 比较级 结构中 The more the better 6 由 as 组成的形容词或副词短语 as much as 不可数名词 数量多达 Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons She could earn as much as ten dollars a week as many as 可数名词 数量多达 I have as many as sixteen reference books as early as 早在 As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island as far as 远到 就 而知 论 We might go as far as 走到 the church and back As far as I know 就我所知 he has been there before may might could as well 不妨 不如 Then you might as well stay with us here as as one can 尽某人所能的 They are as unreliable as they can be He began to run as fast as he could as as possible 尽可能 的 Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible 题组训练 2 1 The longer you stay 你待的时间越长 the better it will be 2 The new city is becoming more and more beautiful 变得越来越美丽了 3 China is larger than any other country in Asia 比亚洲任何其他国家都大 4 The taller of the two boys 这两个男孩中较高的那个 is my brother 5 The road is five times as long as that one 同义句改写 The road is five times the length of that one The road is four times longer than that one 3 几组重要的词语辨析 1 very 和 much 的区别 可分等级的形容词和副词前使用 very 不用 much 表示状态的过去分词前用very 如a very frightened boy a very tired child a very complicated problem 一般情况下 以 ing ed 结尾的分词多用much very much greatly 等 修饰 We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom I was much amused by Jack s attitude 已转化为形容词的现在分词前用 very 如 very interesting worrying exciting too 前用 much a lot 或 far 不用 very 如 You are much far a lot too nice 另外 在 too many much too few little 前用 far There s far too little opportunity for adventure these days We ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups 关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构 a 修饰绝对意义的形容词 一般不用 very 而用 quite completely well entirely 如 quite wrong mistaken sure completely dead quite impossible quite perfect 等 b 修饰以 a 开头的形容词 多有特殊的修饰 词 quite alone very much alone wide awake fast asleep very much afraid c 修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有 be well worth much the same freezing cold quite different terribly cold frightening 2 so that 与 such that 的区别 so 形容词 副词 that so 形容词 a n 可数名词单数 that so many few 复数名词 that so much little 少 不可数名词 that such a n 形容词 可数名词单数 that such 形容词 不可数名词 that such 形容词 复数名词 that 注意 下列结构中只能用 so 不可用 such 当名词前有 many much little few 等表 示 多 少 的词修饰时 如 so much progress so many people so little food so few apples 等 但当 little 表示 小 时用 such 如 These are such little boys that they can t dress themselves 下列 so 的用法是错误的 so a difficult problem so difficult problems so hot weather 3 其他几组词的辨析 ago before ago 表示以现在为起点的 以前 before 指以过去或将来的某时刻 为起点的 以前 泛指 以前 用 before 而不用 ago already yet still already 表示某事已经发生 yet 表示期待某事发生 still 表示某事还在进行 主要用于肯定句 too also either too 和 also 用于肯定句 too 多用于口语 also 多用于书面语 either 用于否定句 good well 与 good 不同的是 well 作形容词 只能在系动词后作表语 表示 身 体状况好 也作副词修饰动词 quick fast 作形容词皆表示 快 fast 多指运动的物体 含持续的意思 quick 多指一次动作的敏捷 突然 而且持续的时间较短 real true 作形容词皆表示 真的 real 强调真实存在的而不是幻想的 在句中 常作定语 true 指与事实标准和实际情况相符合 在句中作表语或定语 hard difficult 均表示 困难 但 hard 通常指体力上困难 difficult 则指智 力或技能上的困难 困难程度大于 hard 它们都可作定语和表语 1 Despite the poor service of the hotel the manager is to invest in sufficient training for his staff 2018 江苏 34 A keen B reluctant C anxious D ready 答案 B 解析 考查形容词词义辨析 句意为 虽然宾馆的服务很差 但经理仍然不愿意投资对员工 进行充分的培训 reluctant 意为 不情愿的 符合语境 keen 渴望的 着迷的 anxious 担心的 焦虑的 ready 准备好的 愿意的 2 Only five years after Steve Jobs death smart phones defeated PCs in sales 2017 江苏 29 A controversial B contradictory C confidential D conventional 答案 D 解析 考查形容词词义辨析 句意为 仅仅在史蒂夫 乔布斯去世五年之后 智能手机的销 售额就打败了传统的个人电脑 语境提到 smart phones 智能手机 与之对应的 PCs personal computers 应该用形容词conventional修饰 表示 传统的 controversial 有争议的 contradictory 自相矛盾的 confidential 机密的 故选 D 3 The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents But explanations are hard to find 2017 江苏 34 A alternative B aggressive C ambiguous D apparent 答案 A 解析 考查形容词词义辨析 句意为 恐龙的灭绝不一定是因为天体的碰撞 但也难以找到 别的解释 空格处与前面的 未必 not necessarily 呼应 这里用 alternative 表示 另 外的 可替代的 aggressive 好斗的 挑衅的 ambiguous 模棱两可的 不明确的 apparent 显而易见的 明白的 4 I want to see Mr White We have an appointment I m sorry but he is not at the moment for the meeting hasn t ended 2017 天津 3 A busy B active C concerned D available 答案 D 解析 考查形容词词义辨析 句意为 我想见怀特先生 我们已经约好了 很抱歉 但是此刻他没空 available 因为会议还没有结束 D 项 available 可表示 人 有空的 符合语境 busy 忙碌的 active 活跃的 concerned 担忧的 5 His comprehensive surveys have provided the most statements of how and on what basis data are collected 2016 江苏 31 A explicit B ambiguous C original D arbitrary 答案 A 解析 考查形容词词义辨析 句意为 他全面的调查提供了关于如何收集信息及在什么基础 上收集信息的最清楚明确的说明 explicit 清楚的 明晰的 详述的 ambiguous 模棱两可 的 含糊不清的 original 起初的 原来的 arbitrary 任意的 随心所欲的 6 In this article you need to back up general statements with examples 2016 浙江 16 A specific B permanent C abstract D universal 答案 A 解析 考查形容词辨析 句意为 在这篇文章里 你需要用具体的例子来支持你的总体性陈 述 specific 具体的 特定的 permanent 永久的 abstract 抽象的 universal 通用的 普遍的 根据句意可知选 A 7 I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend in the coming years 2016 浙江 18 A little more B no more C much more D many more 答案 D 解析 考查形容词辨析 句意为 我一直喜欢你组织的所有活动 希望在未来几年里能参加 更多的活动 many more 后省略了 events 根据句意可知选 D 8 I don t think what he said is to the topic we are discussing He has missed the point 2015 湖北 28 A faithful B parallel C relevant D similar 答案 C 解析 考查形容词词义辨析 句意为 我认为 他说的话与我们讨论的主题无关 他偏离了 重点 be faithful to 忠诚于 be parallel to 与 平行 与 类似 be relevant to 与 相近 与 相关 be similar to 与 相似 故选 C 9 The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and review of the case 2015 江苏 31 A comprehensive B complicated C conscious D crucial 答案 A 解析 考查形容词辨析 句意为 警官们决定对该案件进行一次彻底和全面的审查 comprehensive 综合的 广泛的 complicated 复杂的 conscious 有意识的 crucial 至关 重要的 根据 and 判断 所填词和 thorough 彻底的 细致的 意思相近 故选 A 项 10 Most of us if we know even a little about where our food comes from understand that every bite put into our mouths was alive 2015 浙江 13 A steadily B instantly C formerly D permanently 答案 C 解析 考查副词词义辨析 句意为 我们大多数人 如果对食物来源多少知道一点点的话 就会明白我们嘴里的每一口食物从前都是有生命的 formerly 以前 从前 符合语境 steadily 稳固地 坚定地 不动摇地 instantly 立刻 马上 permanently 永久地 长期 不变地 11 Listening is thus an active not a behavior consisting of hearing understanding and remembering 2015 浙江 14 A considerate B sensitive C reliable D passive 答案 D 解析 考查形容词辨析 句意为 聆听是一种积极的行为 而不是被动的接受 它涉及听 理解和记忆 passive 被动的 消极的 与前面的 active 对应 considerate 体贴的 体谅 的 sensitive 易受伤害的 易受影响的 敏感的 reliable 可靠的 可信赖的 12 I m so to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day end happily 2015 安徽 26 A special B superior C grateful D attractive 答案 C 解析 考查形容词辨析 句意为 我非常感激所有的志愿者 因为他们帮我愉快地结束了糟 糕的一天 special 特殊的 superior 优越的 超过 grateful 感激的 attractive 有吸引 力的 根据句意可知 这里是在向志愿者表达感激之情 故选 C 13 It was of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried 2015 福建 23 A careless B considerate C patient D generous 答案 B 解析 考查形容词辨析 句意为 Michael 通知我们他要迟一会儿以防我们担心 想得真周 到 本句使用了 It is was considerate of sb to do sth 这一结构 careless 粗心的 considerate 考虑周到的 patient 有耐心的 generous 慷慨的 大方的 14 The girl used to be shy but is getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself 2015 湖北 29 A gradually B usually C previously D merely 答案 A 解析 句意为 这个女孩以前很害羞 但是正 在小组活动中变得积极起来 而且更愿意表达自己了 根据题干中的 is 和 getting 可知 这里表示循序渐进的过程 故选 gradually 逐渐地 usually 通常 previously 先前地 merely 仅仅 15 Andy is content with the toy It is he has ever got 2015 四川 7 A a better B the better C a best D the best 答案 D 解析 考查形容词的最高级 句意为 Andy 对这个玩具很满意 这是他得到的最好的玩具 根据上一句话可知 下一句应用最高级 故选 D 16 The idea happiness will not sit still for easy definition 2014 江苏 28 A to be rigid B to be sure C to be perfect D to be fair 答案 B 解析 考查动词不定式短语意义辨析 to be rigid 刻板地说 死板地说 to be sure 诚然 的确 无可否认 to be perfect 完美地说 说得完美些 to be fair 公平而言 说句公道 话 本句主干是 The idea happiness will not sit still for easy definition 其 意思是 给 幸福 这一概念下定义远非易事 根据四个动词不定式短语的意义和句子主干 的意思 我们可以选择 B 项 to be sure 综合考虑可知题干句意为 诚然 给 幸福 这一 概念下定义远非易事 17 The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others 2014 浙江 13 A blindly B unwillingly C closely D carefully 答案 A 解析 考查副词词义辨析 句意为 教育的宗旨是教会年轻人自己思考 而不是盲从别人 blindly 盲目地 符合句意 unwillingly 不情愿地 closely 密切地 carefully 仔细地 18 It s our hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and supply more jobs 2014 安徽 33 A however B anywhere C therefore D otherwise 答案 C 解析 考查副词词义辨析 句意为 我们希望的是 我们能在市场发挥更大的作用 因此 提供更多的就业机会 however 然而 表转折关系 anywhere 无论何处 表条件 therefore 因此 表因果关系 otherwise 否则 表相反的结果 根据句意选 C 19 My good performance in the job interview left me about my future and about what I can do here 2014 安徽 27 A puzzled B sensitive C optimistic D embarrassed 答案 C 解析 考查形容词辨析 puzzled困惑的 sensitive敏感的 optimistic乐观的 embarrassed 尴尬的 根据句意选 C 项 20 Thanks for your directions to the house we wouldn t have found it 2014 江西 23 A nowhere B however C otherwise D instead 答案 C 解析 考查副词词义辨析 nowhere 无处 however 然而 otherwise 否则 要不然 instead 反而 句意为 谢谢你为我们指路 要不然我们找不到那所房子 故 C 项正确 1 Professor Stanley didn t agree with all my points but wrote a very assessment of my paper A critical B ambiguous C subjective D generous 答案 D 解析 句意为 斯坦利教授并非赞同我所有的观点 但是他给我写的论文评价多有赞誉之词 generous 慷慨的 宽厚的 仁慈的 符合语境 critical 批评的 ambiguous 模棱两可的 含混不清的 subjective 主观的 2 It s said that the power plant is now large as what it was A twice as B as twice C twice much D much twice 答案 A 解析 句意为 据说这个发电厂现在是以前的两倍大 倍数表达法有多种 此处考查的是 倍 数词 as 形容词 副词原级 as 其他 结构 故选 A 3 Since we have been friends for many years no more of this fancy playing with words I want some talk here A straight B informal C fluent D concrete 答案 A 解析 句意为 我们多年来一直是朋友 不要再玩文字游戏了 我想 和你 坦率地谈谈 straight 坦率的 正直的 笔直的 informal 非正式的 fluent 流利的 concrete 具体 的 根据句意可知答案为 A 4 John had planned to make a compromise but he changed his mind at the last minute 2018 泰州中学高三上期中 32 A anyhow B otherwise C therefore D somehow 答案 D 解析 句意为 约翰打算妥协的 但是不知道什么缘故 在最后几分钟 他改变了主意 anyhow 无论如何 otherwise 否则 therefore 因此 somehow 不知道什么缘故 故选 D 5 Although values may be things it s helpful to share them with your partner for additional support 2018 苏锡常镇四市一调 A terminal B personal C crucial D practical 答案 B 解析 句意为 虽然价值观可能是个人的事情 但与你的伙伴分享这些价值观来获得额外的 支持是很有帮助的 terminal 不治的 晚期的 personal 个人的 crucial 至关重要的 关 键性的 practical 实践的 实际的 切实可行的 根据句意可知 应选 B 6 Don t always put me on the spot like this You know because of my duty I can t give away information to you 2018 泰州中学高三上期中 24 A contemporary B conventional C confidential D consistent 答案 C 解析 句意为 别总是让我为难 你知道由于我的职责 我不能给你机密资料的 contemporary 同时代的 conventional 传统的 confidential 保密的 consistent 一致的 根据语境得 知泄露机密让我很为难 故选 C 7 She s added a few characters and changed some names but this is a true story A completely B necessarily C gradually D essentially 答案 D 解析 句意为 她加了几个角色 改了几个名字 但基本上 这是个真实的故事 completely 完全地 necessarily 必然地 gradually 渐渐地 essentially 本质上地 根据句意可知选 D 8 There s little chance that we will succeed in changing our fate it is important that we try A Meanwhile B Nevertheless C Otherwise D Therefore 答案 B 解析 句意为 我们能成功改变命运的机会不大 虽然如此 试一试还是很重要的 nevertheless 然而 不过 虽然如此 符合句意 meanwhile 同时 其间 otherwise 否则 另外 therefore 因此 所以 故选 B 项 9 Many a student has a opinion of him But he is spoken of by the leaders A bad worse B badly highly C bad more D bad better 答案 D 解析 句意为 很多学生对他印象不好 但是领导对他评价好很多 把领导的意见 和学生的意见作对比 10 It was a seemingly impossible task but Helen though physically challenged carried on until it was completely fulfilled A instead B yet C regardless D still 答案 C 解析 句意为 这好像是不可能的任务 但是海伦 尽管是对体能的挑战 不管怎样都会继 续下去直到彻底完成 instead 相反 yet 还 regardless 不管怎样 still 仍然 故选 C 11 To promote a correct understanding of the Basic Law we need the courage to clarify some points of view and to put the system into practice 2017 苏 州调研 22 A artificial B arbitrary C ambiguous D absolute 答案 C 解析 句意为 为了促进对 基本法 的正确理解 我们需要勇气来阐明一些模棱两可的观 点 并将这种体制付诸实施 ambiguous 模糊的 模棱两可的 符合句意 artificial 人工 的 人造的 矫揉造作的 arbitrary 武断的 任意的 absolute 绝对的 完全的 故选 C 12 Sue was greatly inspired though she made improvements in her English writing 2018 南通 徐州等七市联考 24 A modest B brilliant C tremendous D considerable 答案 A 解析 句意为 尽管苏在她的英语书写上只取得了一点点小的进步 但她仍然备受鼓舞 modest 不太大的 微小的 brilliant 聪明的 tremendous 巨大的 considerable 可观的 相当的 故选 A 13 More and more people tend to go to E libraries in that they have access to books when they are unable to get to a library 2018 南京高淳区 淮海中学 盐城中学 淳辉高中等97 校联考 30 A accidentally B physically C voluntarily D appropriately 答案 B 解析 句意为 越来越多的人倾向于去电子图书馆 因为他们在无法去图书馆的时候也能接 触到书籍 accidentally 偶然地 physically 身体上地 voluntaril