转基因作物：健康影响——英国土壤协会报告

英国土壤协会揭露转基因恶果研究报告英国土壤协会陈一文 译（英国）土壤协会2008年对转基因作物、转基因食品问题公布了一个全面深入详尽的的研究报告：转基因作物对健康的影响。英国土壤协会揭露转基因恶果研究报告(目录)GM crops-the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK陈一文译（）原文pdf文件网址：/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SqDvBO1pyEU=&tabid=390Note by Advisor Chen I-wan: Due to limitation of my translation, to enable readers check with the original text, herewith with corresponding English/Chinese text provide the Chinese translation of this report. If any reader identifies errors in the Chinese translation, or has suggestions for better translation, welcome send emails to me, enabling me to make timely corrections and improvements. During my translation, I acknowledge and appreciate assistance by Google translation.陈一文顾问注：由于本人翻译水平有限，为便于读者核对原文，特此以英文/中文对照方式提供该研究报告的中译文。任何读者如果发现译者中译文有误或者有更好翻译建议的话，欢迎发邮件给本人，便于及时修正与改进。翻译过程中借助谷歌翻译功能，予以确认与致谢！目录引言6来自转基因作物喂养动物的牛奶、鸡蛋和肉类含有转基因物质？7转基因饲料喂养动物的牛奶、蛋和肉的检测结果9加拿大研究组进行的研究：猪和羊9意大利研究组进行的研究：猪仔9另一个意大利研究组进行的研究：牛奶9德国研究组进行的研究：牛奶9（英国）土壤协会进行的研究：牛奶10结论11转基因食品对健康是否有影响？11官方安全评估过于狭窄16动物喂食试验是评估转基因作物、转基因食品安全风险的唯一可靠方法17孟山都抗除草剂转基因大豆的安全性评价程序低劣20动物喂养试验表明了转基因作物的负面影响22（一）转基因大豆22Russian rat trial 俄罗斯的老鼠试验22Italian mouse trial 意大利的老鼠试验23食品安全局组织的人喂食转基因食品试验24（二）对孟山都转基因玉米进行的老鼠试验25安万特公司的鸡和老鼠试验27英国对羊中转基因迁移的研究29（三）转基因油菜30（四）转基因豌豆32澳大利亚进行的小鼠试验32（五）转基因西红柿34（美国）Calgene公司进行的小鼠试验34（六）转基因土豆36英国进行的老鼠试验36Reference 参考文献37The Soil AssociationIntroductionDo milk, eggs and meat from GM-fed animals contain GM material?Study by a Canadian team: Pigs and SheepStudy by an Italian team: PigletsStudy by another Italian team: MilkStudy by an German team: MilkStudy by the Soil Association: MilkDo GM foods have health impacts?Official safety assessments are far too narrowPoor safety assessment of Roundup Ready soyaAnimal feeding tests show negative effects of GM crops(i) GM soyaRussian rat trial Italian mouse trial FSA human feeding trial (ii) GM maize Monsanto rat trial Aventiss chicken and rat trials UK study of gene transfer in sheep (iii) GM oilseed rapeMonsanto rat trials (iv) GM peasAustralian mice trial (v) GM tomatoesCalgene mice trials(vi) GM potatoesUK rat trials GM crops-the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UKResearched by Ciln Nunan, with assistance from Kathleen Hewlett.研究者：柯林努南（Ciln Nunan）；协助研究者：卡瑟琳惠勒特（Kathleen Hewlett）。Written by Gundula Azeez and Ciln Nunan.撰写者：宫杜拉阿紫资（Gundula Azeez）与柯林努南（Ciln Nunan）。With many thanks to all the farmers who supplied samples and answered our questions, and Genetic ID for testing the samples.致谢：对于向我们提供样品、回复我们的询问的所有农民们，以及协助检测样品的“基因鉴别”（Genetic ID）致谢！Produced by the Soil Association (layout by Yael Hodder, proofing by Anna Groves).制作方：土壤协会（Soil Association）（排版者：亚伊尔霍德；校对者：安娜格鲁维斯）Soil Association（英国）土壤协会介绍The Soil Association is the UKs leading environmental charity campaigning for a global shift to sustainable, organic food and farming practices.“土壤协会”是英国领先的环保慈善组织，为全球转向可持续有机食品和耕作方式而斗争。Founded in 1946 by a far-sighted group of farmers, doctors and concerned citizens, the organization is dedicated to bringing about change by creating a growing body of public opinion that understands the direct link between farming practice and plant, animal, human and environmental health.（英国）“土壤协会”1946年由有远见的农民、医生和有关人士创立。该组织致力于越来越多人士对于耕作方法和植物、动物、人类和环境健康之间直接关系的取得共同理解的舆论推进改变。Today the Soil Association is an internationally respected authority on sustainable agriculture and recognized champion of healthy food, which uniquely represents and offers practical solutions to everyone involved in the food chainfarmers, food processors, retailers and consumers.今天，“土壤协会”在可持续农业方面在国际上享有权威性，同时是健康食品方面公认的冠军，使其独特地代表并向食物链中的所有人农民、食品加工商、零售商和消费者提供切实可行的解决方案。The Soil Association is reliant on the support of its members, donors and the public to carry out its work. You can help grow the organic movement, by joining the Soil Association you will be part of a dynamic organisation pressing to change the predominant food culture in this country.土壤协会依赖于其成员、捐助者和公众的支持开展工作。通过加入土壤协会，成为充满活力迫切要改变这个国家主要的饮食文化组织的一部分，你可以帮助有机运动的发展。Single UK membership costs just 24 a year.个人英国会员费用每年仅24英镑。Soil Association土壤协会通讯地址：Soil AssociationSouth PlazaMarlborough StreetBristol BS1 3NX, UKT 0117 314 5000F 0117 314 5001（英国）土壤协会2008年公布的该研究报告证明：基因工程确实对健康造成了真实的风险，转基因作物是不安全的，不应该作为动物与人类的食品，而且，用转基因作物饲料喂养的鸡生的蛋、用转基因作物饲料喂养的牛的牛奶与肉类检测出含有转基因物质，也不应该作为人类的食品！Introduction引言One of the main concerns about GM crops is whether they will have negative effects on health. This was initially a theoretical concern. However, considerable scientific evidence has emerged over the last few years that has substantially developed our understanding and shows that there are indeed real health risks from genetic engineering.对转基因作物忧虑的主要问题是，转基因作物是否会对健康造成负面影响。这最初是一个理论问题。然而，过去几年暴露出来的大量的科学证据，使我们的理解有了大幅发展，表明基因工程确实对健康造成了真实的风险。There is now a worrying body of published, peer-reviewed scientific evidence from controlled animal studies carried out in many countries and by different parties (government, independent and company studies) that demonstrates that GMOs cause a wide range of serious unexpected health impacts.不同国家、不同机构（政府，独立的和公司的研究）通过对照动物进行的许多研究经审查的科学证据令人担心的表明，转基因生物体（GMOs）对健康确实造成了一系列没有料想到的严重的影响。Evidence is also beginning to emerge that if GM crops are fed to animals, small amounts of GM material appear in the resulting meat and dairy products, and this had not been previously identified.除此之外，一些证据开始显现，表明转基因作物（GM crops）喂养动物造成肉类和奶制品中出现少量的转基因物质（GM material），以前没有发现过这样的问题。Both of these issues raise serious human and animal health concerns about the use of GMOs in food, and also major ethical concerns about the fact that foods from GM-fed animals remain unlabelled. The findings also raise serious questions about the reliability of the European safety assessment and advisory procedures.这两个问题引起对在食品中使用转基因生物体（GMOs）对于人类和动物严重健康问题的担心，同时也引起对于转基因作物喂养动物生产的食品依然不贴标签的重大伦理问题的担心。这些研究发现也使人们对于欧洲安全评估和咨询程序的可靠性提出的严重的质疑。With this evidence, the Soil Association believes that GM crops are unsafe and should not be used for food.依据这些证据，土壤协会认为，转基因作物是不安全的，不应该用于食品。直到几年前，已发表的研究论文都没有发现转基因作物饲料喂养的牛奶、鸡蛋或肉类含有转基因（GM）的基因。但是，2005年底以来，三个不同的科学研究小组发表的三篇研究报告以及一篇发表的研究报告事实上在动物组织和牛奶中检测到转基因植物的DNA。Do milk, eggs and meat from GM-fed animals contain GM material?来自转基因作物喂养动物的牛奶、鸡蛋和肉类含有转基因物质？It was often suggested by the advocates of GM crops that there should be no concerns about this issue because GM crop material is degraded during processing into feed and during digestion. (There are, for instance, significant secretions of nucleases, enzymes which break down DNA, along the gut.)1转基因作物的拥护者们经常建议，这个问题不应令人担心，因为转基因作物材料在加工为饲料和消化过程中被降解。（例如，大量分泌物核酸、酶沿肠道分解DNA）1Until a couple of years ago, none of the published studies had detected transgenic (GM) DNA in the milk, eggs or meat of GM-fed animals. 2, 3, 4, 5直到几年前，已发表的研究论文都没有发现转基因作物饲料喂养的牛奶、鸡蛋或肉类含有转基因（GM）的基因。2, 3, 4, 5Nevertheless, several of these studies found that plant chloroplast DNA from animal feed is present in milk, eggs and meat.2, 3, 4 This plant DNA was not nuclear DNA, the DNA contained in the nuclei of cells which is where the novel genes (trangenes) are usually inserted for making GM crops. It was instead the DNA that is found in the chloroplasts, the plant organelles that photosynthesise and which are present in large numbers in plant cells.然而，其中一些研究发现，牛奶，鸡蛋和肉类中存在着来自动物饲料的植物叶绿体基因（plant chloroplast DNA）。2, 3, 4这种植物基因（plant DNA）不是核基因（nuclear DNA）；细胞的细胞核中含有的基因通常用来插入外来新奇基因（novel genes-trangenes）使其成为转基因作物。与此相反，（牛奶，鸡蛋和肉类中）发现的基因是叶绿体中发现的基因（DNA），是光合作用的植物细胞器（the plant organelles that photosynthesise），它们在植物细胞中大量存在。Chloroplast DNA is vastly more abundant than nuclear DNA, since each plant cell can have thousands of copies of chloroplast genes but just two to four copies of each nuclear gene. Plant chloroplast DNA is therefore thought to be more detectable in animal products than nuclear DNA simply because of its greater abundance, not because it is less susceptible to breakdown during processing or digestion.叶绿体基因（Chloroplast DNA）远比核基因（nuclear DNA）丰富，因为每个植物细胞可以有数千个叶绿体基因，但是每个核基因只有两个到四个核基因副本。动物产品中的植物叶绿体基因因此被认为更容易被检测到，简单是因为它比细胞核基因数量更大，而不是因为饲料加工或消化过程中更加不易被分解。It is therefore in fact likely that many studies were failing to detect GM crop (transgenic) DNA in animal products and tissues because of its comparatively low level of presence and limitations in the sensitivity of the analytic methods being used, rather than because transgenic DNA does not actually make its way into animal products and tissues.事实上，过去许多研究在动物产品中没有发现转基因作物（“转基因”transgenic），是由于它的存在的水平相对低，以及所应用的分析方法的灵敏度的局限性，而不是转基因并非真正进入动物产品和动物组织。Since late 2005, however, three published studies by three different scientific teams and one unpublished study have actually detected transgenic plant DNA in animal tissues and milk.2005年底以来，三个不同的科学研究小组发表的三篇研究报告以及一篇发表的研究报告事实上在动物组织和牛奶中检测到转基因植物的基因。转基因饲料喂养动物的牛奶、蛋和肉的检测结果Study by a Canadian team: Pigs and Sheep加拿大研究组进行的研究：猪和羊A Canadian team fed pigs and sheep Roundup Ready oilseed rape and then examined various tissues from the animals. They found that a liver, a kidney and intestinal tissues from the pigs, and intestinal tissues from the sheep contained fractions of the transgenes.6一个加拿大研究组用（蒙山都公司）抗“终结者”除草剂油菜（Roundup Ready oilseed rape）喂养猪和羊，然后对动物的各种组织进行检查。他们在猪的一个肝脏、一个肾脏和猪的肠组织中，以及羊的肠组织中，检测到发现转基因的片段。6Study by an Italian team: Piglets意大利研究组进行的研究：猪仔In another study, Italian scientists fed piglets for 35 days on Monsantos GM maize (Mon 810). They subsequently found fragments of a transgene in the blood, liver, spleen and kidney of the animals.7在另一项研究中，意大利科学家用孟山都公司的转基因玉米（Mon 810）喂养仔猪35天。他们后来发现，仔猪的血、肝脏、脾与肾脏中检测到转基因片段。7Study by another Italian team: Milk另一个意大利研究组进行的研究：牛奶Another Italian research team, from the University of Catania, detected GM soya and GM sequences in shop-bought milk in Italy.8意大利卡塔尼亚大学（University of Catania）的另一个研究小组在商店购买的牛奶中发现转基因大豆和转基因序列.8Study by an German team: Milk德国研究组进行的研究：牛奶An unpublished study, carried out in the year 2000 at the University of Weihenstephan in Germany, also detected GM material (from GM soya and GM maize) in the milk of cows which had been fed large amounts of GM plants.德国魏恩斯梯芬大学（University of Weihenstephan）2000年进行的尚未发表论文的研究，在喂食了大量转基因植物的牛的牛奶中也发现了转基因材料（来自转基因大豆与转基因玉米）。The results of the study were published by Greenpeace in 2004.9,10 The researcher has suggested that the DNA may have been a result of contamination of the milk by dust from the GM feed in the dairy.绿色和平组织2004年9月10日发表了该项研究的结果。9、10 研究者提出，（牛奶中检测的转基因）也可能奶牛场的转基因饲料灰尘对牛奶造成污染的结果。Whilst this is unproven, this points to a potential common source of contamination with the use of GM feed and does not change or undermine the fact that the researcher found GM DNA in the milk.虽然这一点未经证实，但是依然指出使用转基因饲料成为造成（牛奶）污染的一个潜在的共同污染源，并且并非改变研究者在牛奶中发现了转基因基因的事实。Study by the Soil Association: Milk（英国）土壤协会进行的研究：牛奶The Soil Association decided to also investigate this issue. We asked those farmers whose feeds we had found contained high levels of GM soya, if they would also provide samples of their milk or eggs for testing for the presence of GM DNA or GM protein. Two dairy farmers and one egg producer agreed to provide samples. Each farmer provided two samples of milk (from two different cows) or two samples of eggs, as well as another sample of feed to re-check the GM soya level.土壤协会决定对这个问题也开展调查。我们向应用我们发现含有高水平转基因大豆饲料的那些农民提出，他们能否向我们提供他们的牛奶或鸡蛋样品供我们检测是否存在转基因基因或转基因蛋白质。两位农民与一个鸡蛋生产商同意提供样品。每个农民提供了两个样品的牛奶（从两个不同的奶牛）或两个鸡蛋样本，以及饲料样品，以重新检查转基因大豆的转基因水平。All samples were tested by Genetic ID in Germany. The soya in all three feed samples was found to be 100% GM. However, our tests did not detect any GM DNA or protein in any of the milk or egg samples. In several of the milk samples, plant DNA, including soya DNA, was detected, indicatingthe possibility that a very low level of undetected GM DNA may have been present. Subsequently, when we became aware of the Italian research which had detected GM DNA in shop-bought milk,we also carried out a similar, but smaller scale survey. Milk samples were collected from 10 different leading supermarket or corner shop chains.所有的样品提交各在德国的“基因鉴定”机构进行检测。所有三个大豆饲料样品发现为100转基因大豆。然而，在我们的测试中，在牛奶或鸡蛋样品中没有发现任何转基因基因或转基因蛋白质。但是，在数个牛奶样品中，检测到植物基因（plant DNA），包括大豆基因（soya DNA），表明可能存在着没有检测出来的非常低水平的转基因基因。后来，当我们了解到意大利的研究在商店中买的牛奶中检测到转基因基因，我们也进行了一个类似的，但是较小规模的调查。从10个不同的领先的超市或路口联网商店收集了牛奶样品。All of the samples were analysed using the same analytic technique used by the scientists from Catania, as well as by an in-house method. Again, no GM DNA or protein was detected, but several samples contained traces of plant DNA, including soya DNA.采用了意大利卡塔尼亚大学（University of Catania）采用的相同分析技术对所有样品进行了分析，同时用一种内部方法进行了分析。再次没有检测出转基因基因或转基因蛋白质，但是有几个样本检测出微量的植物基因，其中包括大豆的基因。Conclusion:结论In conclusion, based on the fact that crop chloroplast DNA is commonly found in milk, eggs and animal tissues, and that four research teams now have, between them, detected GM crop DNA in the milk, blood, liver, kidneys and intestinal tissues of GM-fed animals, we conclude that it is likely that people are being frequently exposed to GM DNA by eating milk and meat from GM-fed animals, albeit at very low levels. Further research into this subject is needed.基于农作物叶绿体基因常见于牛奶、鸡蛋和动物组织，以及目前有四个研究小组之中在牛奶、血液、肝脏、肾脏与肠组织中检测到转基因作物基因，我们得出的结论是，通过食用转基因作物饲料的动物的奶与肉类，人们经常暴露于转基因基因，尽管其水平很低。因此对这个课题有必要进一步研究。Do GM foods have health impacts?转基因食品对健康是否有影响？Biotechnology companies have claimed that genetic engineering is no more unpredictable and dangerous than traditional cross-breeding, and as a result GM crops should not be subjected to special or extensive safety assessments.生物技术公司声称，基因工程并不比传统的杂交育种更加不可预测与危险，并因此提出对转基因作物不应该实施特殊的或更严谨的安全评估。In reality, genetic modification differs fundamentally from traditional crossbreeding, and there are very good scientific reasons for being concerned about the safety of GM crops.在现实中，基因改造与传统杂交育种根本性不同，有非常良好的科学理由使人们要关心转基因作物的安全问题。Genetic engineering usually involves introducing a package of genetic material derived from one organism (or several) into the DNA of another, often a completely different species. It is never based on the plants normal reproductive processes, which are used in traditional cross-breeding.基因工程通常涉及将另外的一个生物体（或几个生物体）遗传物质引入（进行改造的农作物的）基因，往往是一个完全不同的物种。基因工程从来没有根据传统杂交育种中应用的植物正常繁殖过程。Instead, the foreign DNA is inserted into the plants own DNA either by using the infective process of a disease bacteria or by bombarding the cells with fine metal particles coated with the foreign DNA.与传统杂交育种中应用的植物正常繁殖过程不同，外源基因被插入到植物自身的基因中，采用的方法或者使用细菌感染疾病过程的方式，或者采用外源基因涂层的细金属颗粒轰击细胞的方式。This artificial DNA insertion breaks down the natural biological mechanisms that normally maintain the genetic integrity of species. At various stages in the process, the number of cells are increased by a laboratory method called a tissue culture.这种人造基因的插入，打破了维护生物物种遗传完整性的自然的正常生物机制。在这个过程的不同阶段，称之为“组织培养”的实验室方法导致细胞数量增加。The technique has several serious flaws. This means there is a large number of risks inherent in GM crops, which do not apply to plants produced by traditional cross-breeding:这种技术有几项严重的缺陷。这意味着转基因作物固有多种风险，传统杂交育种产生的植物不具有转基因作物固有的这些风险。l Since the inserted genes usually come from other organisms such as bacteria or are synthetically produced, the proteins they produce are often new to the animal or human diet. The production of the protein may also involve a new biochemical pathway in the plant or affect an existing one, which can mean the production of other novel protein or biochemical by-products, some of which could be allergenic or toxic. This explains why GMOs have been associated with allergic reactions.l 由于插入的基因通常来自其他生物体，例如来自细菌或合成制作生物体，它们产生的蛋白质对动物或人类的饮食而言往往是新的。这种蛋白质的生产可能也涉及植物中新的生物化学过程，或者影响植物现有的生物化学过程。这可能意味着生产其他新的蛋白质或生化副产品，有些可能会引起过敏或中毒。这就解释了为什么转基因生物与某些过敏反应有关。l The technique is highly disruptive to the plants genes in various ways. The process of inserting the gene is known to damage the plants own DNA: the gene can integrate right in the middle of another gene, causing it to lose its function.11l 该技术通过多种途径对植物的基因具有高度破坏性。插入基因的过程已知破坏植物本身的基因：基因可以整合在另一个基因之中，导致它失去它原先的功能。11Additionally, the tissue culture stages cause numerous changes to the rest of the plants DNA. There is well-documented evidence by the FSA and others that genetic engineering causes extensive genome-wide mutations and changes in the activity of very many of the plants own genes as a result of genetic engineering.12此外，组织培养阶段对植物其他的基因也造成许多变化。FSA（食物安全局）与其他单位保存有关这些证据的完好档案，表明基因工程造成广泛的“基因组”突变以及对植物自己基因许多活动变化。12These widespread genetic effects are not predictable or controllable.这些广泛发生的遗传效应无法预测或无法控制。对植物转基因与细胞相互作用调制机制尚未充分理解Unlike naturally occurring genes which are generally only active at certain times and in certain cells, transgenes are usually active the whole time and in all cells. This means that the genes products and any by-products are present in all of the plants tissues. So, for example, unlike normal non-GM maize, the Bt toxin is present in all the cells in maize, the main GM maize used in animal feed.自然产生的基因通常在某些时候活跃也只有在特定的细胞活跃，转基因则通常全部时间和在所有细胞中都活跃。这意味着，该基因的产品及其副产品存在与植物所有的组织。所以，例如，与正常的非转基因玉米不同，Bt毒素存在于转基因Bt玉米所有的细胞。这种转基因玉米是用于动物饲料的主要转基因品种。It is now known that genes do not operate in isolation or completely dictate to the plant, contrary to the earlier simple scientific concept of genes as building blocks and the blueprint of life. Genes are instead themselves controlled by numerous interactive plant regulatory mechanisms, including other genes and cellular processes, in a complex system which is far from fully understood (the science of epigenetics).目前已知道基因并非孤立地运作或完全决定着植物（的某种性状），这与过去认为基因是建筑模块与生命“蓝图”的早期简单科学的概念不同。与此不同，基因本身受到一个复杂系统中包括其他基因和细胞过程在内的无