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TessoftheD Urbervilles ThomasHardy 1840 1928 17112303顾蓉17112307蒋爱家17112312吴晶 Contents TheAuthorAnalysisonCharactersMainIdeaPlotoftheTextAnalysisontheText ThomasHardy 1840 1928 ThomasHardy LifeWorksTheme StylePosition Evaluation Life ThomasHardywasanEnglishnovelist shortwriterandpoet HewasaVictorianpoet Heusedhiswritingstoelaboratehisownpessimisticviewoflife Life 1840wasborninDorsetshire1848attendedJuliaMartin sschool1856wasapprenticed 当学徒 toalocalarchitect1862wassenttoLondon1867wrotepoetryandnovels1874marriedEmmaRavenna1910wasawardedtheOrderofMerit1914marriedFlorenceDugale1928died Works 1867ThePoorManandTheLady1871DesperateRemedies1872UndertheGreenwoodTree1873APairofBlueEyes1874FarFromtheMaddingCrowd1878TheReturnoftheNative1886TheMayorofCasterbridge1887TheWoodlanders1891TessoftheD Urebevilles1895JudetheObscure Works ShortStories1888WessexTales1894Life sLittleIronies Poetry1904 1908TheDynasts Works HisnovelswerepublishedinserialformsinmagazinesandpopularinbothEnglandandAmerica However despitethepraiseHardy sfictionreceived manycriticsalsofoundhisworkstooshocking especiallyTessoftheD UrbervillesandJudetheObscure TheoutcryagainstJudewassogreatthatHardydecidedtostopwritingnovelsandreturntohisfirstgreatlove poetry Theme Style Themefatalismandpessimism man slifecontrolledbyhostile cruel mysteriousfate apessmisticveinrunsthroughouthisnovelssympathyforthepeasants Theme Style StyleNaturalismpreviousRomanticEnlightenmentperiodsofliteratureanaturalistictendencyarchitecturalstructurepersonificationandsymbolism Theme Style Naturalisminthenineteenthcenturyaproductofpost DarwinianbiologyaliterarymovementasaccuratelyaspossiblewithoutartificialdistortionsRomanticduringthefirstthirdofthenineteenthcenturyartisticphilosophyrelianceuponemotionandnaturalpassionsuniquenatureoftheindividual Position Evaluation HispoetrymarksthetransitionfromtheVictorianAgetothemodernistmovementofthe20thcentury AnalysisonCharacters TessDurbeyfieldAlecd UrbervilleAngelClare TessDurbeyfield Intelligent strikinglyattractive deepmoralsensitivity passionateintensityamythicheroineSt TeresaofAvila 圣女大德兰 Theresa DaughterofNature inChapter18 Artemis and Demeter inChapter20 TessDurbeyfield amythicalincarnationofwomanhoodhereyesare neitherblacknorbluenorgreynorviolet ratheralltheseshadestogether like analmoststandardwoman a standard story TessDurbeyfield thechangingroleoftheagriculturalworkersinEnglandinthelatenineteenthcenturyfinancialconstraintsaristocracyinTess sbloodnotquiteuptothelevelofAlec sorAngel sasymbolofunclearandunstablenotionsofclass Alecd Urberville thenemesisanddownfallofTess slifeAlexandertheGreatAlexanderStoke d Urbervillethesplitcharacterofhisfamilydividedduplicitous Alecd Urberville diabolical残忍的 恶魔的Thefirstpartofhissurnameconjuresassociationswithfieryenergies asinthestokingofafurnaceortheflamesofhell HeseducesherastheserpentinGenesisseducedEve Alecdoesnottrytohidehisbadqualities IsupposeIamabadfellow adamnbadfellow Iwasbornbad andIhavelivedbad andIshalldiebad inallprobability Alecd Urberville Herepresentsalargermoralprincipleratherthanarealindividualman LikeSatan Alecsymbolizesthebaseforcesoflifethatdriveapersonawayfrommoralperfectionandgreatness AngelClare afreethinkingsonbornintothefamilyofaprovincialparsonarebelliousstrivingtowardapersonalvisionofgoodnesssecularist现世主义者 世俗主义者workforthe honorandgloryofman atypicalyoungnineteenth centuryprogressiveHerejectsthevalueshandedtohim andsetsoffinsearchofhisown AngelClare Angelisnotquiteofthisworld butfloatsaboveitinatranscendentsphereofhisown hisloveforTessmaybeabstract DaughterofNature or Demeter Angel sidealsofhumanpurityaretooelevatedtobeappliedtoactualpeople Itisnottheangelwhoguidesthehumaninthisnovel butthehumanwhoinstructstheangel althoughatthecostofherownlife MainIdea Tesscomesfromafarmer sfamily theDurbeyfields Shehaslivedapoorbutpeacefullife theyaredescendedfromtheD Urbervilles thegirlcomesincontactwiththeStoke D Urbervilles ThereshemeetsAlecD Urbervilles whoshowsofftheestateandalwaysseducesher Beinghumiliatedandresolute Tessreturnshome andgivesbirthtoababywhodiessoonTesshastoleavehomeandgoestoworkasadairymaidatadistantfarm whereshemeetsAngelClaire Theyfallinlove butAngelabandonher Mainidea AlecD Urbervilles theevilpersonappearsagain HetakesadvantageoftheDurbeyfields povertyandcontinuestotemptTess AngelClaire whoisremorsefulforhismercilessness comesback buttofindthecruelreality AfterAngelleaves shestabsAlecintheheartandkillshim ThenshefollowsAngelandescapewithhimTheymanagetohideforawhileinawoodbeforetheycometoStonehenge wheresheisarrested Sheishangedlater TheplotofChapterLVIII ChapterLIX Thelastparagraph Justice wasdone andthePresidentoftheImmortals inAeschyleanphrase hadendedhissportwithTess Andthed Urbervilleknightsanddamessleptonintheirtombsunknowing Thetwospeechlessgazersbentthemselvesdowntotheearth asifinprayer andremainedtherealongtime absolutelymotionless theflagcontinuedtowavesilently Assoonastheyhadstrengththeyarose joinedhandsagain andwenton 死刑 执行了 用埃斯库罗斯的话说 那个众神之王对苔丝的戏弄也就结束了 德贝维尔家的骑士和夫人们在坟墓里躺着 对这件事一无所知 那两个一言不发的观看的人 把身体躬到了地上 仿佛正在祈祷 他们就那样躬着 过了好久好久 一动也不动 黑旗继续不声不响地在风中飘着 他们等到有了力气 就站起来 又手拉着手往前走 IntheGreektragedianAeschylus PrometheusBound Prometheusdaredtostealfirefromthegodsforthebenefitofmen thusimprovinghumanlife buthewaspunishedbyeternalagonysentbythepresidentofthegods Aeschylus sviewofthatdivinejusticewasironic justasHardy sjusticeisplacedinironicquotationmarks sinceitseemeddeeplyunjusttopunishPrometheussoseverely Analysis Analysis However comparedwithPrometheus sbravedeed Tess ssufferingseemssimplyagameor sport ItishardtoknowwhetherTesshasbroughtanybenefitstoanyone Inanycase HardyhintsthatTess slifemayhaveamythicalandtragicimportancelikethatofPrometheus butitisuptoustojudgehowironicthisjusticeis orwhatherlife simportancemightbe Analysis Itstiredandunimpassionedtonesuggeststhenarrator swearinesswiththewaysoftheworld asifquitefamiliarwiththefactthatlifealwaysunfoldsinthisway Nothinggreatisachievedbythisfinale thetwofiguresofLiza LuandAngel wenton attheend justaslifeitselfwillgoon Tragedy SocietyenvironmentLawsystemMoralityethicReligionfactor Themes CriticismofsocialconventionsofVictorianEngland ideasofsocialclassaswellasthesexualdoublestandard NaturalismasagainsttheacheofmodernismTheinjusticeofexistence Mendominatingwomen Naturalism Modernismisvaguetermreferringtotheart poetry literature architecture andphilosophyofEuropeandAmericaintheearlytwentieth century Ingeneral modernismismarkedbythefollowingcharacteristics 1 thedesiretobreakawayfromestablishedtraditions 2 aquesttofindfreshwaystoviewman spositionorfunctionintheuniverse 3 experimentsinformandstyle particularlywithfragmentation aso