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Psychology1504PositivePsychology BridgingIvoryTowerandMainStreet Theobjectiveofpositivepsychologyistounitetherigorofacademicresearchwiththeaccessibilityoftheself helpmovement Housekeeping FeedbackorquestionsIncaseofanemergency we lltakeaPP breakPowerpointsandvideotapeonwebsiteActivenote takingRegularTime Ins Wordsarenotthesolemediumofexchangeinteachingandlearning weeducatewithsilenceaswell Silencegivesusachancetoreflectonwhatwehavesaidandheard Inauthenticeducation silenceistreatedasatrustworthymatrixfortheinnerworkstudentsmustdo amediumforlearningofthedeepestsort TheRoadtoPositivePsychology HumanisticPsychology 50 s TheThirdForceReactiontobehaviorism FirstForce Reactiontopsychoanalysis SecondForce Lackedrigorousmethodology AbrahamMaslow 1908 1970 KarenHorney 1885 1952 MeettheGrandparents AaronAntonovsky 1923 1994 MeettheParents MartinSeligman EllenLanger PhilipStone Meet1504 Itisnotmerelyaboutinformation Itisalsoabouttransformation Coveringless uncoveringmore Inpursuitofknowledge everydaysomethingisacquired inpursuitofwisdom everydaysomethingisdropped LaoTzu Thesoulgrowsbysubtraction notaddition Thoreau InSearchof WOW Thereisno WOW Makingcommonsensemorecommon Informationisnotenough Whatiswrongisnotthegreatdiscoveriesofscience informationisalwaysbetterthanignorance nomatterwhatinformationorwhatignorance Whatiswrongisthebeliefbehindtheinformation thebeliefthatinformationwillchangetheworld Itwon t ArchibaldMaCleish Informationisnotenough Humanisticphilosophy offers anewconceptionoflearning ofteaching andofeducation Statedsimply suchaconceptholdsthatthefunctionofeducation thegoalofeducation thehumangoal thehumanisticgoal thegoalsofarashumanbeingsareconcerned isultimatelythe self actualization ofaperson thebecomingfullyhuman thedevelopmentofthefullestheightthatthehumanspeciescanstanduptoorthattheparticularindividualcancometo Inalesstechnicalway itishelpingthepersontobecomethebestthatheisabletobecome AbrahamMaslow Itisnotaboutprovidingdefinitiveanswersconcerningthegoodlife Itisaboutidentifyingtherightquestions Educationisthequestforinformationandtransformation andthereforemustbeginwithaquestion Themostcommonsourceofmistakesinmanagementdecisionsistheemphasisonfindingtherightanswerratherthantherightquestion PeterDrucker Theonerealobjectofeducationistoleaveamanintheconditionofcontinuallyaskingquestions BishopCreighton TheQuestionofQuestions Howcanwehelpourselvesandothers individuals communities andsociety becomehappier Itisnotasurveyofpositivepsychology Itisaselectiveexplorationofthe questionofquestions EclecticCrossculturalpsychology Wewere alittlesurprisedbytheDalaiLama sseemingresistancetothenotionofculturaldifferences DanielGoleman StudyingOurselves aswell Whatismostpersonalismostgeneral CarlRogers Wemustrememberthatknowledgeofone sowndeepnatureisalsosimultaneouslyknowledgeofhumannatureingeneral AbrahamMaslow Thereisonething andonlyoneinthewholeuniversewhichweknowmoreaboutthanwecouldlearnfromexternalobservation Thatonethingis ourselves Wehave sotospeak insideinformation weareintheknow CSLewis ItisnotEnglish10aorMath55 Itisaboutrigorousfun Iwouldnotgiveafigforthesimplicityonthissideofcomplexity butIwouldgivemylifeforthesimplicityontheothersideofcomplexity OliverWendellHolmes Adifferentkindofeffort OnMonday don ttellmehowgreatitwas tellmewhatyou redoingdifferently PeterDrucker FinalProject 20 30minutePresentationAnytopicwithinpositivepsychologyWrittentext 10 15pagesdoublespaced Slides wordorpowerpoints Include ReferencetoresearchOptional stories filmclips exercises etcWhyapresentation TeachingaslearningSpreadgoodness WhyPositivePsychology Anger 5 584Anxiety 41 416Depression 54 040 PsychologicalAbstracts 1967 2000 Joy 415Happiness 1 710Lifesatisfaction 2 582 Ratio 21 1 FocusingonWhatDoesn tWork Thescienceofpsychologyhasbeenfarmoresuccessfulonthenegativethanonthepositiveside ithasrevealedtousmuchaboutman sshortcomings hisillnesses hissins butlittleabouthispotentialities hisvirtues hisachievableaspirations orhispsychologicalheight Itisasifpsychologyhadvoluntarilyrestricteditselftoonlyhalfitsrightfuljurisdiction andthatthedarker meanerhalf AbrahamMaslow PsychologyNeedsHelp 21 1ratioisunhealthy butitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14 5 comparedto29 5in1960 DoesPsychologyNeedHelp 21 1ratioofstudiesisunhealthy butitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14 5 comparedto29 5in1960 mentalhealthcrisisoncampusesnationwide Kadison 2005 worldwidementalhealthepidemic WhyPositivePsychology TheimportanceoffocusingonwhatworksHappinessisnotthenegationofunhappinessPreventionthroughcultivatingcapacity 1 TheImportanceofFocusingonWhatWorks TheaimofPositivePsychologyistocatalyzeachangeinpsychologyfromapreoccupationonlywithrepairingtheworstthingsinlifetoalsobuildingthebestqualitiesinlife MartinSeligman ReframingQuestions TheCaseofAt RiskPopulation Traditionalpsychology Post WWII Whydotheseindividualsfail Positivepsychologicalapproach 1980s Whatmakessomeindividualssucceeddespiteunfavorablecircumstances Resilience Aclassofphenomenacharacterizedbypatternsofpositiveadaptationinthecontextofsignificantadversityorrisk Masten Reed Superkids Ordinarycharacteristics extraordinaryresultsOptimismFaithandasenseofmeaningProsocialbehaviorFocusingonstrengthsSetgoalsArolemodelSocialsupport FromPathogenicQuestionstoSalutogenicQuestions Allthosefamiliarwiththehistoryofscienceareawarethatimportantadvancescomewiththeformulationofnewquestions Thequestionisthebreakthrough theanswercomeswithdifficulty butitisthenewquestionthatisimportant Thesalutogenicquestion Isubmittoyou isaradicallynewquestion whichprovidestheimpetusforformulatinganewparadigmtohelpusunderstandhealthandillness Ithasseriousimplicationsforresearcherandclinician biologicalandsocialscientistalike AaronAntonovsky Weseewhatwelookforandwemissmuchofwhatwearenotlookingforeventhoughitisthere Ourexperienceoftheworldisheavilyinfluencedbywhereweplaceourattention StavrosandTorres RolemodelsHighExpectationsFromblametoresponsibilityToughandrespectfulOptimismandfaithinfutureFromfocusingondeficienciestofocusingonstrengths PassiveVictimVs ActiveAgent selfpityblamefrustrationanger takeactionresponsibilityconfidencehopeandoptimism ReframingQuestions TheCaseofaChicagoSchool TraditionalWay Howcanwekeepstudentsinschool MarvaCollins Way Howcanwecultivatetheseedofgreatnessinourstudents Howcanwecultivatetheseedofgreatnessinourselvesandfamilies inourcommunitiesandorganization inournationandourworld 2 Happinessisn ttheNegationofUnhappiness DiseaseModelHealthModel FocusonweaknessesFocusonstrengthsOvercomingdeficienciesBuildingcompetenciesAvoidingpainSeekingpleasureRunningfromunhappinessPursuinghappinessNeutralstate 0 asceilingNoceilingTensionlessasidealCreativetensionasideal 0 neurosis anger anxiety wellbeing satisfaction joydepression psychosisexcitement happiness 3 PreventionthroughCultivatingPositive Illnessastheabsenceofhealth vs healthastheabsenceofillness It neurosis isafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen andeven onecouldsay ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen biologicallyspeaking thatis ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost Theworldhasbeennarrowed andsohasconsciousness Capacitieshavebeeninhibited AbrahamMaslow Wehavediscoveredthattherearehumanstrengthsthatactasbuffersagainstmentalillness courage future mindedness optimism interpersonalskill faith workethic hope honesty perseverance thecapacityforflowandinsight tonameseveral Wehaveshownthatlearningoptimismpreventsdepressionandanxietyinchildrenandadults roughlyhalvingtheirincidenceoverthenexttwoyears Similarly Ibelieve thatifwewishtopreventdrugabuseinteenagerswhogrowupinaneighborhoodthatputsthematrisk thattheeffectivepreventionisnotremedial Ratheritconsistsofidentifyingandamplifyingthestrengthsthattheseteensalreadyhave MartinSeligman CultivatingCapacity Stronger psychologicalimmunesystem Largerandstronger psychologicalengine MentalhealthatHarvard ThemessageofthePositivePsychologymovementistoremindourfieldthatithasbeendeformed Psychologyisnotjustthestudyofdisease weakness anddamage italsoisthestudyofstrengthandvirtue Treatmentisnotjustfixingwhatiswrong italsoisbuildingwhatisright Psychologyisnotjustaboutillnessorhealth itisaboutwork education insight love growth andplay Andinthisquestforwhatisbest PositivePsychologydoesnotrelyonwishfulthinking self deceptionorhand waving insteadittriestoadaptwhatisbestinthescientificmethodtotheuniqueproblemsthathumanbehaviorpresentsinallitscomplexity MartinSeligman BibliographyandRecommendationswww psychologymatters orghttp www ppc sas upenn edu Antonovsky 1979 Health Stress andCoping SanFransisco Jossey Bass Masten A S Reed M J 2002 Resilienceindevelopment InC R SnyderandS J Lopez Eds HandbookofPositivePsychology 528 540 OxfordUniversityPress Seligman M E P Csikszentmihalyi M 2000 PositivePsychology AmericanPsychologist 55 5 14 Sheldon K M King L 2001 WhyPositivePsychologyIsNecessary AmericanPsychologist 56 216 217 Snyder C R Lopez S J Eds 2002 HandbookofPositivePsychology 528 540 OxfordUniversityPress Collins M Tamarkin C 1990 MarvaCollins Way Putnam NewYork Werner E Smith R 2001 JourneysfromChildhoodtoMidlife Risk ResilienceandRecovery CornellUniversityPress BeliefsasSelf FulfillingProphecies RogerBannister Outline BeliefsshaperealityHowitworksOptimizingoptimismRaisingourbeliefs Wearewhatwethink Allthatweareariseswithourthoughts Withourthoughts wemakeourworld TheBuddha Pygmalion Pygmalion Pygmalionintheclassroom RobertRosenthal Intheworkplace Jamieson 1987 Treatamanasaheisandhewillremainasheis Treatamanashecanandshouldbeandheshallbecomeashecanandshouldbe JohannWolfgangvonGoethe ThePoweroftheSituation Milgram sObediencetoAuthority Zimbardo sPrisonExperiment The Positive PoweroftheSituation menabove75weekin 1959 resortmentalandbiologicalagedecreasesLanger 1989 testingeyesightImproveswithrole Langer 1979 PositivePriming Bargh 1999 Dijksterhuis VanKnippenberg 1998 Creatingapositiveenvironmentpictures people places etc pleasantobjects memorabilia flowers etc quotesbooks films musicpositiveresearch TheSelf HelpMovement Whateveryourmindcanconceiveandbelieveitcanachieve NapoleonHill Whetheryouthinkyoucanorcan t youareright HenryFord TheSelf HelpMovement Havegreathopesanddaretogoalloutforthem Havegreatdreamsanddaretolivethem Havetremendousexpectationsandbelieveinthem NormanVincentPeale AlbertBanduraonSelfEfficacy Beliefsinpersonalefficacyaffectlifechoices levelofmotivation qualityoffunctioning resiliencetoadversityandvulnerabilitytostressanddepression Peoplewhoregardthemselvesashighlyefficaciousact think andfeeldifferentlyfromthosewhoperceivethemselvesasinefficacious Theyproducetheirownfuture ratherthansimplyforetellit CultivatedovertimeCurry 1997 oncollegeathletes NathanielBrandenonSelf Esteem Thelevelofourself esteemhasprofoundconsequencesforeveryaspectofourexistence howweoperateintheworkplace howwedealwithpeople howhighwearelikelytorise howmuchwearelikelytoachieve and inthepersonalrealm withwhomwearelikelytofallinlove howweinteractwithourspouse children andfriends whatlevelofpersonalhappinessweattain Selfconceptisdestiny ThePlaceboEffect BeliefsasSelf fulfillingProphecies BeliefsExpectations Performance Motivation Consistency Interpretation Objective Subjective Ifailedmywaytosuccess ThomasEdison OptimismandPessimism Seligman InterpretationstylePermanent temporaryPervasive specificSuccess Mental physicalhealthimmunesystemresiliencehappinesslongevityItcanbelearned OptimizingOptimism Whataboutunrealisticbeliefs OptimizingOptimism Whataboutunrealisticbeliefs TheStockdaleParadoxPositivethinkingisnotenough Falseoptimismsoonerorlatermeansdisillusionment angerandhopelessness AbrahamMaslow The Secret ofSuccess Optimism passion hardwork Thereisnosubstituteforhardwork ThomasEdison Iamagreatbelieverinluck andIfindthattheharderIwork theluckierIget ThomasJefferson WhatAboutHappinessandSelf Esteem Dohighexpectationsleadtodisappointment Self esteem success pretensionsWilliamJames CopingversusAvoidanceSelfperceptiontheory Bem 1967 realizingthepainofactualfailuremoresuccess OnBecomingAnOptimist Justdoit action Imaginethat visualization Cognitivetherapy rationalthinking TakingAction Bandura HardWorkCoping Success Self Efficacy Todareistoloseone sfootingmomentarily Nottodareistoloseoneself SorenKierkegaard ImaginingSuccess Themindassimulator Kosslyn 1994 Focusonjourneyanddestination Taylor 2005 InvolvedifferentsensesEvokeemotions CognitiveTherapy ThoughtsdriveemotionRestoringrationality realismHighlyeffectiveAnacquiredskill Avoidingthe3M s Magnifying exaggerating PermanentandPervasive over generalizing All or nothingthinkingMinimizing underplaying TunnelvisionDismissalofpositiveornegativeMakingup fabricating PersonalizationorblameEmotionalreasoning GetReal Ismyconclusiontiedtoreality Ismyconclusionrational AmIignoringsomethingimportant WhatimportantevidencedoIstillneedtotakeintoconsideration WhatamImagnifying WhatamIminimizing AmIignoringanythingthatisgoingwell AmIignoringanythingthatisnotgoingwell Whatisthebigpicture ExtremelyHappyPeople DienerandSeligman 2002 EveryoneexperiencesnegativeemotionsDifferentcognitiveinterpretations pessimistsvs optimists Self fulfillingpropheciesSpiralingdownorup Ayres J Hopf T 1992 Visualization ReducingSpeechAnxietyandEnhancingPerformance CommunicationReports 5 1 10 Bandura A 1999 PerceivedSelf EfficacyinCognitiveDevelopmentandFunctioning EducationalPsychologist 28 2 117 148 Benson H 1997 TimelessHealing Scribner Burns D 1999 FeelingGood TheNewMoodTherapy Avon Langer E 1989 Mindfulness Addison Wesley Leahy R L 2003 CognitiveTherapyTechniques APractitioner sGuide GuilfordPublication White S S Locke E A 2000 ProblemswiththePygmalionEffectandSomeProposedSolutions LeadershipQuarterly 11 389 415 Rosenthal R andJacobson L 1968 PygmalionintheClassroom NewYork RinehartandWinston Selgiman M 1998 LearnedOptimism HowtoChangeYourMindandYourLife FreePress BibliographyandRecommendations Goal Setting Goal setting theory and practice Dealing with stress From material to happiness perceptionOverviewGoals and Performance FocusBeing focused on a task produces organization for efficiency both within the organism and in the environmentAbraham Maslow Resilience Beliefs as self-fulfilling prophecies (knapsack) Words create worlds Concepts conceiveConcerning all acts of creation there is one elementary truth, the ignorance of which kills countless ideas and splendid plans: That the moment one definitely commits oneself, then providence moves too.All sorts of things occur to help one that would not have otherwise occurred. A whole stream of events issues from the decision, raising in ones favor all manner of unforeseen incidents and meetings and material assistance which no man would have dreamed would come his way.I have learned a deep respect for one of Goethes couplets:Whatever you can do, or dream you can, begin it! Boldness has genius, magic, and power in it.W.H. MurrayGoals and Wellbeing Liberating Resolving internal conflicts Future goals as means; present experiences as ends The case of unhappy achieversHappiness is not about making it to the peak of the mountain, nor is it about climbing aimlessly around the mountain; happiness is the experience of climbing toward the peak.Contemporary researchers emphasize that it is the process of striving after goalsrather than goal attainment per sethat is crucial for happiness and positive affectivity.David WatsonHappiness grows less from the passive experience of desirable circumstances than from involvement in valued activities and progress toward ones goals.Myers & DienerLive not for battles won.Live not for the-end-of-the-song.Live for the along.Gwendolyn BrooksSelf-Concordant Goals Aligned with personal interests and values Freely chosen goals Want to vs. Have to What do you really, really want to do?Life is too short to do what I have to do; its barely long enough to do what I want to do.Becoming self concordant is a difficult skill, requiring both accurate self-perceptual abilities and the ability to resist social pressures that may sometimes push one in inappropriate directions.Sheldon & Houser-Marco (2001)The Benefits of Self-Concordance Increase in wellbeing Increased likelihood of success Entering a positive upward spiral Trickle effect (Sheldon & Eliot, 1999) Health (Langer, 1989) Freedom vs. oppressionValues in Action (VIA) PPs Alternative to DSM (Peterson & Seligman) Identifying character strengths Universally admired (human nature) Morally valued (beyond talents/abilities) A self concordant journey Success and happinessStrengths Criteria The real me Energy and motivation Associated with growth and improvementI have often thought that the best way to define a mans character would be to seek out the particular mental or moral attitude in which, when it came upon him, he felt himself most deeply and intensively active and alive. At such moments, there is a voice inside which speaks and says, This is the real me. William JamesVIA Classification of Character StrengthsWisdom-Creativity-Curiosity-Judgment-Love of Learning-PerspectiveCourage-Bravery-Industry-Authenticity-ZestJustice-Citizenship-Fairness-LeadershipLove-Intimacy-Kindness-Social IntelligenceTemperance-Forgiveness-Humility-Prudence-Self-ControlTranscendence-Awe-Gratitude-Hope-Humor-SpiritualityApplying the VIA: Building Capacity1. Identify your character strengthsa. Take the online test ()b. From the top 10, choose the 5 that best fulfill the Strengths Criteria2. Choose one character strengths and for the following week use the strength in a new way every day 3. Each night, briefly describe how you used your strength in a new way today and how you intend to use the strength in a new way tomorrow Applying the VIA: For Problem Solving1. Identify your character strengths2. Identify a problem with which you are dealing3. How can you apply your character strengths to solving the problem?Work Orientation (Wrzesniewski, 1997)MotivationWork asExpectation Looking forward toJOBCAREERCALLINGMotivationWork asExpectation Looking forward toJOBPaycheckChore / necessityNoneFriday / vacationCAREERCALLINGWork Orientation (Wrzesniewski, 1997)MotivationWork asExpectation Looking forward toJOBPaycheckChore / necessityNoneFriday / vacationCAREERMoney and advancementRacePrestige and powerNext promotionCALLINGWork Orientation (Wrzesniewski, 1997)MotivationWork asExpectation Looking forward toJOBPaycheckChore / necessityNoneFriday / vacationCAREERMoney and advancementRacePrestige and powerNext promotionCALLING Thing in itself / self-concordant goalsMission / vocation / passion / privilegeBetter world / fulfillmentMore workWork Orientation (Wrzesniewski, 1997)It is certainly true that many of us evade our constitutionally suggested vocations (call, destiny, task in life, mission). So often we run away from the responsibilities dictated (or rather suggested) by nature, by fate, even sometimes by accident, just as Jonah triedin vainto run away from his fate. Abraham MaslowInstead of focusing on what we can live with, we should be thinking about what we cant live without. Ebony Carter 07Dealing With StressTime Out!In a recent national survey of 13,500 college students, nearly 45 percent reported being so depressed that they had difficulty functioning, and 94 percent reported feeling overwhelmed by everything they had to do.Richard KadisonToo muchto doStress (feelingOverwhelmed)DepressionThe Cost of Stress Psychological health Physical health Reduced productivity and creativityReframing Questions:The Case of Stress Traditional psychology Why are so many people stressed? Positive psychology What do those who are successful and able to lead a healthy and happy life do?Ritualizing Work and RecoveryStress is not the problemLack of recovery is the problemFrom marathon tosprint intervalsCreating a ritual: 60-120 minutes of work 15+ minutes of recoveryMaintaining flexibilityIn the living laboratory of sports, we learned that the real enemy of high performance is not stress, which, paradoxical as it may seem, is actually the stimulus for growth. Rather, the problem is the absence of disciplined, intermittent recovery. Chronic stress without recovery depletes energy reserves, leads to burnout and breakdown, and ultimately undermines performance.Loher & SchwartzMulti-Level RecoveryMicro (minutes, hours)Mezzo (nights, days)Macro (weeks, months)Focus!The IQ of those who tried to juggle messages and work fell by 10 points - the equivalent to missing a whole nights sleep and more than double the 4-point fall seen after smoking marijuana.Findings by Dr. Glen WilsonRecovery: Quantity affects qualityWork: Reducing multi-taskingLove and sex are affected negatively by stress If we can help people to simplify their lives, thus reducing their stress levels, it is very likely that peoples relationships would be enriched greatly. Moreover, the positive aspects of their lives would be enriched accordingly.Susan & Clyde Hendrick (2002) Do less, not more Time Affluence (versus Material Affluence) Functionality versus Fun Say yes by saying no Optimum levels of simplicitySimplify!Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.Cyril Northcote ParkinsonI can do a years work in nine months, but not in twelve.JP MorganSimplicity, simplicity, simplicity! I say let your affairs be as two or three, and not a hundred or a thousand; instead of a million count half a dozen. In the midst of this chopping sea of civilized life, such are the clouds and storms and quicksands and the thousand-and-one items to be allowed for and he must be a great calculator indeed who succeeds. Simplify. Simplify .Henry David ThoreauSustainable GrowthOvercoming Procrastination The 5-minute take off Reward yourself Go public The team approach Goals, plans, lists Permission to re-createOvercoming Procrastination Material as the highest endMaterial PerceptionSociety tells us the only thing that matters is matterthe only things that count are the things that can be counted.Laurence G. Boldt Counting activities Counting publications Counting moneyObsession With Material WealthThe inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.Winston Churchill Making the most of our blessings?1968: 41% to make a lot of money83% to develop a meaningful philosophy of life1997: 75% to make a lot of money41% to develop a meaningful philosophy of lifeThe Consequences Money cant buy you happiness (Diener, 1999) The Dark Side of the American Dream (Kasser & Ryan, 1993) lower likelihood of self-actualization higher levels of distress, depression, anxiety lower levels of happiness poorer physical health Replicated in Singaporean business-school (Kasser & Ahuvia, 2002) A caveatHappiness PerceptionHap
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