非谓语动词高中的全部用法.doc

十 非 谓 语 动 词动词不定式、分词（现在分词，过去分词）统称为非谓语动词。不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语，也不受人称和数的限定，也没有时态和语态，但是有表示主、被动的形式。（一） 动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，语态式 一般式 完成式 进行式 主 动 to build to have built to be building 被 动 to be built to have been built （1）一般式：两个动作同时发生或者先后发生，We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后）They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，I am sorry to have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.（4）动词不定式的被动语态用法：What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet.2. 动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：To help each other is good. (主语)-It is good to help each other.My job is to drive them to the power station every day. (表语)We are to set up another middle school for the peasantschildren.She wishes to be a musician.( 宾语) I dont think it right to do it that way. I am determined to give up smoking.(表示情绪及情感等的形容词如glad, sorry, afraid, willing, eager, sure等)Can you give us some advice on what to do next?（句中有疑问词） Tell the children not to play on the street. （宾语补足语）I saw a little girl run across the street.This is the best way to help him. (定语)He is the man to depend on. The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.Every morning he gets up very early to read English. (目的状语)She reads China Daily every day in order to （so as to） improve her English. They lived to see the liberation of their home town. (结果状语)You are old enough to take care of yourself now.3. 复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式；有些形容词good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of。It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. It is very kind of you to help him every day.Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.4. 疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.When to start has not been decided(主语)I dont know what to do(宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river(表语)I can tell you where to get this book.（双重宾语）顺口溜：动词不定作宾语，期希渴欲承担起；愿望碰巧又出现，假装安排不拒绝；准备计划却失败，好像提供又犹豫；企图要把目标证，同意承诺要照顾，决定发誓要成功，爱恨要求作选择。即：在expect, hope, long, desire,afford, wish,happen, appear, pretend, arrange, refuse, prepare, plan, fail, seem, offer, hesitate, attempt, aim, prove, agree, promise,care, determine, decide, swear, manage, like, love, hate, demand, choose后直接加to do sth作宾语。6. 不带to的不定式：1）在表示生理感觉的动词后：不定式,作宾补,下列词后省略to。如 五三二一半注: 五看:observe、see、watch、look at、notic三让:let、have、make二听:hear、listen to一感:feel半帮助help（help有加to的用法） Let him do it.I would have you know that I am illHe was seen to comeThe boy was made to go to bed early.He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season3)在do nothinganythingeverything but(except)结构中。但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。Last night I did nothing but watch TVThe doctor told him nothing but to stop smokingThere was nothing for them to do but to remain silent（二）现在分词（-ing形式）：1. 现在分词的各种形式如下：现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例：动词 语态 形式 及物动词make 不及物动词go 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 一般式 making being made going 完成式 having made having been made having gone 1) being made: 表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.2).having done：表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.3) having been done: 表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.2. -ing形式的基本用法。Seeing is believing. （主语）Talking is easier than doing. It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiting here.Her job is washing and cooking.（表语）My hobby is collecting stamps.She likes drawing very much。（宾语）Mary is thinking of going back to New York；We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? Her sister is good at learning physicsThis book is well worth reading. We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?The sleeping child is only five years old. （定语：表示动作是动作是同时进行）Do you know the man standing at the gate?We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. （宾语补足语）注：常见的可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. （时间状语）When crossing street, you must be careful. Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.（原因状语）Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. （方式或伴随状语）Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. （复合结构）She insisted on his going there first.Tom insisted on my going with themHe dislikes his wifes working late注：人称代词的所有格+动名词；名词s+动名词。顺口溜： v-ing形式作宾语，承认依靠和推辞;喜欢面对便欣赏，错过原谅别介意； 避免借口遭否认，包括想像多坚持；要阻止，别延迟，想要脱逃冒险值； 一个忍受两完成，忙于报告提建议。 即：在admit, depend, put off, favor, enjoy, face, appreciate, miss, pardon, mind, avoid, excuse, deny, include, fancy, imagine, keep, practise, prevent, delay, escape, risk, be worth, stand, complete, finish, be busy, report,suggest后加v-ing作宾语。只能用动名词作宾语：Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成: permit, advise, practice,avoid,consider,mind, allow ,keep ,enjoy ,suggest, finish, risk, imagine , escape ,need. delay, stand。例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.Dont you remember seeing the man before?You must remember to leave tomorrowI dont regret telling her what I thoughtI regret to have to do this， but I have no choiceYou must try to be more carefulLets try doing the work some other wayI didnt mean to hurt your feelingThis illness will mean (your) going to hospital（三）过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式，所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。用法如下：The stolen car was found by the police last week.( 定语)The glass is broken.( 表语)注：作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，表示处于某种状态，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. （宾语补足语）I had my bike repaired yesterday. Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better. （四）非谓语动词做独立主格用法：独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，具体选择-ing和过去分词，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系及主动被动关系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest.（五）不定式和动名词作主语的区别（1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象或泛指的动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited here It is not very good for you to smoke so much Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today.（2）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验；不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring （3）-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.I have told them to come again tomorrow.注：在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.I hear her sing in the room.（4）-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again.I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.P.S: 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，一般来说，表示心理状态的动词,凡表示“（事情）令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“（使人）感到”都用-ed形式。这类词常见的有：interes，exciting，delight，disappoint，encourage，please, puzzle, satisfy, surprise, worryTravelling is interesting but tiringThe pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too muchThe argument is very convincingThey were very excited at the news (六)非谓语动词中的习惯句型1) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time等名词)+doing sth.It is no use crying.It is no good objecting.It is a great fun playing footballIt is a waste of time trying to explain2)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等)+ doing sthIt is useless speaking.It is nice seeing you againIt is good Playing chess after supperIt is expensive running this carWould rather 用法“would rather do sth.”是英语中常见的一个固定惯用句式（美国英语中多用had rather）。would（或had）rather的缩写形式为 d rather。would (had) rather中的would并无过去的意思。该句式常用来表示选择的意愿，意谓“宁可”、“宁愿”、“最好”。例如： Hed rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。 If youd rather be alone, well all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。 You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。 would rather与than连用，可构成另一个惯用句式，即：“would rather.than.”，意谓“宁可（愿）（而）不要（愿）”、“与其不如”。用以表达主语的意愿，强调经过选择后做其中一件事，而不愿做另一件事。例如： I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。 The children would rather walk there than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不乘公共汽车。 在使用“would rather.than.”句型时，应注意以下几点： 1. than 后边也应接动词原形，但如该句型前后连接的两个动词相同，则than之后的那个动词可省去。例如： Id rather you know that now than afterwards. 我宁可你现在就知道这件事，而不是以后。 2. would rather.than.也可改写“would.rather than.”，其用法及含义仍不变。例如：Facing the enemies, our soldiers would die rather than surrender. 面对敌人，我们的战士宁死不屈。 3. 有时，为了表示语气上的强调，还可将rather than置于句首，例如： Rather than refuse to help you, I would borrow money from my friends. 我宁可向朋友借钱，也不愿拒绝帮助你。 4. would rather后可跟从句，表示主语宁愿让某人干某事。从句谓语动词用虚拟语气，即用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事；用过去完成时表示过去要做的事。如： Id rather she set out to do the work now. 我宁愿她现在就着手做这项工作。 Id rather you met her at the airport tomorrow morning. 但愿你明天早上能在机场见到她。 Id rather you hadnt told him the news that day. 我真希望你那天没有把那消息告诉他。 5. would rather后接动词的完成式，表示主语要做某事，而结果事与愿违的意思。例如： Id rather have left a note on her desk. 我本想留张字条在她书桌上的。（事实上没有留）比较：Id rather I left a note on her desk. 我宁可留张字条在她的书桌上。练习一1. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music.A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed3. The man insisted _ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding4. The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked5. You were silly not _ your car. A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked6. Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run7. When flint _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced8. “We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window.A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked9. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 10. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 11. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M.A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known12. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party. A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change13. _ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm. A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted14. I dont know whether you happen _ , but Im going to study in the U. S. A. this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 16. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ the exam.A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing17. _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesnt seem big at all.A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared18. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed19. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget20. According to a recent U. S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _ TV.A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch21. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. cause B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused22. The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt23. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded24. Having been attacked by terrorists, _ . A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsedC. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists 25. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying26. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out27. Ive worked with child before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expect28. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered29. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen30. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun31. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. A. it what to do with B. what to do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it32. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked33. Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _ ?A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought34. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing. A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating35. Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan.A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able36. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. A. seizing, disappeared B. seized, disappeared C. seizing, disappearing D. seized, disappearing参考答案1. DCCDB BBADC 11. BABDB DDCAC 21. CBABA ABABD CBBCC练习二： 1. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. Agrow Bgrew Cwas growing Dto grow2. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. Aso not as to Bso as not to Cso as to not Dnot so as to3. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest4. The next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead. Alyin