魏才腾-深圳牛津版七年级下语法总结.doc

我的教案学生姓名魏才腾授课老师曾媛授课日期120706学科English年级 七年级授课时段15.00-17.00课题下学期语法总结教材版本牛津教学目标总结七年级所有的语法重点难点语法的运用课后评价一、学生对于本次课的评价 特别满意 满意 一般 差教师评语 教师签字： 家长意见 家长签名： 教导主任检查签字： 日期： 年 月 日 七年级下重点语法反意疑问句反意疑问句是由两部分组成的，前一部分是对事物的陈述（即陈述句），后一部分是简短的提问（即简短疑问句），中间用逗号隔开。如果前一部分用肯定句，后一部分就用否定疑问句；如果前一部分用否定句，后一部分就用肯定疑问句。两部分的人称和时态要一致。其回答是用yes或no来表示。肯定反意疑问句的回答和否定反意疑问句的回答翻译成汉语是有区别的：1）肯定反意疑问句回答时yes和no翻译成汉语时是一致的：例如：Its new, isnt it? Yes,it is. （“这是新的，对吗？”“是，是新的。”）Its new, isnt it? No,it isnt.（“这是新的，对吗？”“不，不是新的。”）2）而否定反意疑问句回答时yes和no翻译成汉语时是不一致的：如：It isnt new, is it? Yes,it is. （“这不是新的，对吗？”“不，是新的。”）It isnt new, is it? No,it isnt.（“这不是新的，对吗？”“是，不是新的。”） 现在进行时一、目前（甚至说话时）进行的动作。二、目前阶段正在进行，而此刻不一定在进行的动作。现在进行时是由be (am / is / are)+v.-ing (动词现在分词)构成。否定形式是：am not/isnt / arent + v.-ing;一般疑问句形式则是Am / Is / Are+主语 + v.-ing？常和现在进行时连用的时间状语有: now, at the moment, these years/ months / weeks / days等或者句中有listen, look，此外，我们还可以根据上下句来判断是否用现在进行时。某些表示思想、感觉、所属或状态等静态动词如believe, think, know, understand, love, like, see, hear, smell, taste, want, own 等，一般不用现在进行时。when, while和as的区别 时间连词while，as与when是同义词，均可解为“当时候”，用来引导时间状语从句。 when引导的状语从句时态用一般过去时或一般现在时，而while后的状语从句时态是进行时，其次when和while在表示时间上，when往往指时间上的一点，而while指一段时间，while 另指“在的同时”Eg. The headmaster came into the classroom while he was talking loudly.She began to learn English when she was five. as 有时可与when, while通用，但它着重指主句和从句中的动作或事情同时发生，不是一前一后。As we walked, we talked.also, too, either 与 as well 的用法区别1) too 和 as well 多用于口语中，语气较轻，通常用于肯定句或疑问句，一般不用于否定句，且通常放在句末。如：Are they coming, too as well? 注意：在 Me too; You too这类简略答语中，通常不用 as well或also。2) also 比 too 和 as well 正式，一般也不用于否定句，它在句中的位置通常是紧靠动词，即放在行为动词之前，特殊动之后。有时为了强调也放在句末(但不常见)。如：She is young and beautiful，and also rich. 说明：also 有时用于句首(其后通常有逗号)，相当于连词 and。如：Also, his mother was dead. 3) either(也)通常只用于否定句，且要放在句末。如：He hasnt finished it, either. 人称代词 人称代词表示人称范畴以及他们的相关变化形式。人称代词有三个人称，每个人称又分为单复数形式。人称代词的形式如下： 单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemshehertheythem人称代词的位置1）人称代词一般出现在它所指代的名词之后. e.g. Tom is a five-year-old boy. He likes reading and swimming. ( he指代Tom)2）人称代词也可出现在它所指代的名词的前面。e.g. Though he didnt know it, Jack was in danger. 杰克还不知道，他已经处于危险之中了。（he 指代Jack）人称代词的指代作用: 人称代词不仅可以指人，也可以指物。人称代词的人称，数和性由其所指代的名词决定，人称代词的格由其在句子中的地位来决定。作为主语就用主格，做宾语用宾格 反身代词1） 列表Iyouyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself2）做宾语a. 有些动词需有反身代词 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behaveWe enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.I could not dress (myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。 Please sit down.请坐。3） 作表语； 同位语be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：No one but myself (me) is hurt.注意：a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(错) Myself drove the car.(对) I myself drove the car.我自己开车。b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。Charles and myself saw it.5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。 情态动词一、can的用法：1. (表示能力、功能)能,会 The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。 June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。 2. (表示可能性)可能,可能会 I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工作能提前完成。 3. (表示允许、请求)可以 You cant take the book out of the room. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。 Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗? 4. (表示命令)必须 If you wont keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安静,就请你走。 5. (表示偶然发生的可能性)有时会 It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。 6. (表示惊讶)究竟;竟至于 What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事? 二、could的用法can的过去式；（用于虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的设想）能；可以；（表示可能性）可能；（用于婉转语气）能，可以 三、may的用法1.表示请求和允许，意思是：可以He may come if he likes. 如果他想来，可以来2.表示祝愿，意思是：祝，（但愿）。 May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。 3.表示推测，意思是：可能（会），或许（会）。 It may rain this evening. Youd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好带上雨伞。 四、must的用法1.表“必须”。 You must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。2.在否定结构中表不许。You mustnt leave here.你不能离开这儿。3.表坚定的建议。 You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得马上来看我们。4.表推测，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。注意： may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用cant The baby cant be ill. He is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。 五、might的用法might表示的可能性太小，没有足够的说服力去职责别人。 can, could 之间的区别，和 may,might 之间的区别在于，虚拟句和过去时态用后者，表示的可能性比原词小，但大部分时候2者可以互换，不会产生歧义或者对表述造成干扰。 六、should的用法1.should 作为助动词 shall 的过去式，可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配，表示过去将来时间。2.should 作为情态动词，通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务，译作“应该”、“应当”，这时它可以和 ought to， be supposed to 互换使用。例如：You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time. 你们应该按时做完你们的实验。3.should 作为情态动词，可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作“万一”、“竟然”，这时也可将 should 置于从句之首，即将 should 放在主语前面，而省略从属连词 if.If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go. （= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go.）万一明天天下雨，我就不去了。七、 would的用法1.would是will的过去式，Would you like？ 表示请求、劝说，是很客气的说法。Would you like a cup of tea？ 您愿意喝杯茶吗？ 2.主语+would like to 表示“想要”的意思上，与want to意思一 样，但用此句型较客气。I want to ask you a question. 3.最基本的虚拟语气句型: 主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 八. ought to的用法ought to 是一个可以加上to 的情态动词其意思与should是一样的,但是ought to 不能用于虚拟语气中表示推测,而should可以 ought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should谈的是自己的主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。 如： We shouldought to help each other and learn from each other in our work She is your mother, so you ought to support her We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we will 物主代词1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如： John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-s属格结构，例如：Jacks cap 意为 The cap is Jacks.His cap 意为 The cap is his.2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能a. 作主语，如：May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。b. 作宾语，如：I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。c. 作介词宾语，如：Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。d. 作主语补语，如：The life I have is yours. Its yours. Its yours.我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。条件状语从句概念: 在复合句中，由从句表示的状语叫做状语从句。它可以用来修饰主语中的动词.形容词.副词等。根据它表达的意思，状语从句可以分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句和让步状语从句等。由连接词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。（注意：在含有条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是一般将来时态，从句要用一般现在时主将从现原则)经典语句：If it dosent rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.If you open the door，i will come in.条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会”, 常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.主句用一般将来时，if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。固定搭配：unless = if.not. e.g. Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tired, lets go out for a walk.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:真实条件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：If I were you, I would go with him.so/as long as只要由as (so) long as, in case引导。So long as youre happy, it doesnt matter what you do.只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点few / little为否定含义，没有多少了。He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。 Although he s wealthy，he spends_ on clothes. A. little B. fewC. a little D. a few答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。固定搭配:only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)many a (=many)Many books were sold.Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。现在完成时意义: 补充过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果或过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态句型: 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。live-lived-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。study-studied-studied , cry-cried-cried ,play-played-played , stay-stayed-stayed (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped2 、不规则动词： AAA型: cost cost costcut cut cuthit hit hithurt hurt hurtput put putset set setlet let letAAB型: beat beat beatenABA型: become became become run ran run come came come特殊情况: read read readread原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/ ABB型: bring brought broughtbuy bought boughtbuild built built find found foundhear heard heardkeep kept kept lose lost lostmake made mademeet met metsell sold soldsit sat satstand stood stoodteach taught taughttell told toldthink thought thoughtwin won won ABC型: begin began begunblow blew blownbreak broke brokenforget forgot forgottenfreeze froze frozengive gave givengrow grew grownknow knew knownshake shook shakensing sang sungswim swam swumthrow threw thrownwrite wrote written 用法:（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy, die, join, lose）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come-bego out-be outfinish-be overopen-be opendie-be dead a) 用持续性动词代替终止性动词1.have代替buy: My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.2、用keep或have代替borrow: I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.3、用be替代become: How long has your sister been a teacher?4、用have a cold代替catch a cold: Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用wear代替put onb)用“be形容词”代终止性动词 1、bemarried代marry 2、beill代fall (get) ill3、bedead代die 4、beasleep代fall (get) asleep5、beawake代wake/wake up 6、begone代lose,die,sell,leave7、beopen代open 8、be closed代close/shut9、bemissing(gone,lost)代losec)用“be副词”代终止性动词1“beon”代start, begin2“beup”代get up3“beback(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等d)用“be介词短语”代终止性动词1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to2.用be in the army 代替join the army3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up；7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep；10. have finished/ended/completed have been over；11. have married have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold；18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldier注意： 1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, lately等:He has already obtained a scholarship.I havent seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.Up to the present everything has been successful.5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.6.现在完成时的完成用法现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。)现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet, before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning month year.，today等)连用。例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？7.现在完成时的未完成用法现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。8.一段时间+has passed+since从句9. 现在完成时常和短语 up to now /till now, so far (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)Up to/till now hes read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。Ive been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。10 has gone (to),has