2011年职称英语模拟试题.doc

Heat Is KillerExtremely hot weather is common in many parts of the world. Although hot weather just makes most people feel hot, it can cause serious medical problems - even death. Floods, storms, volcano eruptions and other natural disasters kill thousands of people every year. 1Experts say heat may be natures deadliest killer. Recently, extreme heat was blamed for killing more than one hundred people in India. It is reported that the total heat of a hot day or several days can affect health. 2Experts say heat waves often become dangerous when the nighttime temperature does not drop much from the highest daytime temperature. This causes great stress on the human body.3out of the sun, if possible. Drink lots of cool water. Wear light colored clothing made of natural materials; avoid wearing synthetic clothing. Make sure the clothing is loose, permitting freedom of movement1. And learn the danger signs of the medical problems, such as headache and vomiting that are linked to heat. Most people suffer only muscle pain as a result of heat stress.4 pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot2. Doctors say those suffering headache or muscle pain should stop all activity3 and rest in a cool place and drink cool liquids. Do not return to physical activity for a few hours because more serious conditions could develop:Doctors say some people face an increased danger from heat stress.5 Hot weather also increases dangers for people who must take medicine for high blood pressure4, poor blood flow, nervousness or depression.词汇：eruption n.爆发，喷发 vomit v. 呕吐deadly adj. 致命的 muscle n. 肌肉synthetic adj. 合成的注释：1.Make sure the clothing is loose.permitting freedom of movement：衣服一定要宽松，以便活动自如。make sure意为“确信，保证”，其后面从旬的谓语要用一般现在时1。如：Make sure the door is locked before you leave。permitting freedom of movement是分词短语，用作目的状语。2.The pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot：疼痛是一个警告，说明你的身体过热。that the body is becoming too hot是同位语从句，与warnin9同位，说明warnin9的内容。3.physical activity：体力活动4.Hot weather also increases dangers for people who must take medicine for high blood pressure：炎热天气对于那些必须服药以控制血压的人也增力n-J危险性。练习：A Such persons have a weak or damaged heart, high blood pressure, or other problems of the blood system.B Several of these conditions are present at the same time.C Most people suffer only muscle pain as a result of heat stress.D Several hot days are considered a heat wave.E So does extreme heat.F Doctors say people can do many things to protect themselves from the dangers of extreme heat.答案与题解：1.E本文的标题是Heat Is Killer，通篇文章说的是heat的危害性及预防方法。“空l”前面的句子说，“Floods，storms，volcano eruptions and other natural events kill thousands of people every year”，“空l”后面的句子说，“heat may be natures deadliest killer”。将两个句子所表达的意思汇总来看，floods，storms，volcano eruptions和高温都是杀手，而以高温更烈。“空l”的句子一定与“杀手”有关。五个选项中只有+E符合这个条件，所以E是答案。2.D“空2”后面的句子说到heat waves，而选项D的句子中也出现heat wave，说明这两个句子意思上有联系。“空2”的句子是对“heat wave”下定义，为下一句的展开作了铺垫。D是答案。3.F第一段末尾说，热浪期间，当黑夜与白天温差不大，对人体伤害很大。第二段就列举了许多保护自己免受高温伤害的方法。“空3”的句子应该是位于段首的概括句。选项F说人们有多种办法保护自己，完全符合要求，因此是答案。4.C紧跟“空4”后面句子中有特指的the pain，说明前文一定出现过pain这个词。选项C的句子中有pain，且C的句子填人后，上下文意思连贯，所以是答案。5.A“空5”前面的句子说：某些人在热浪期间特别危险。读者或许会问，是哪些人呢?选项A回答了这个问题，所以是答案。Musical Training Can Improve Communication SkillsAmerican scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and language retardation. They found that developing musical skills involves the same process in the brain as learning how to speak. The scientists believe that1 could help children with learning disabilities.1. She says musical training involves putting together different kinds of information, such as hearing music, looking at musical notes, touching an instrument and watching other musicians. This process is not much different from learning how to speak.2.The further explains musical training and learning to speak each make us think about what we are doing2. She says speech and music pass through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem. 3 . Until recently, experts have thought the brain stem could not be developed or changed. But Professor Kranss and her team found that musical training can improve a persons brain stem activity.The study involved individuals with different levels of musical ability. They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures brain activity. The Individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument - the cello.4. The study found that the more years of training people had, the more sensitive they were to the sound and rhythm of the music3. Those who were involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the improvement of sensory events was the strongest. 5 She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they hear sentences and understand facial expressions better.词汇：retardation n. 滞后 cello n. 大提琴note n. 音符 rhythm n. 节奏electrode n. 电极 sensory adj. 知觉的，感官的注释：1.scientists believe that could help children with learning disabilities：科学家发现，音乐训练、对学习上有障碍的儿童有帮助。that是从句“that could help children with learning disabilities”中的主语。that指代上一句的developing musical skills involves the same process in the brain as learning how to speak。with learning disabilities是定语，修饰children。2.musical training and learning to speak each make US think about what we are doin9：音乐训练和学习说话这两者都使我们思考我们正在所做的事。each指musical trainin9和learning to speak中的任何一个。句子的主语是musical training and learning to speak，所以，谓语动词是复数的。3.the more years of training people had，the more sensitive they were to the sound and rhythm of the music：人们接受音乐训练的年份越长，其对音乐声音和节奏的敏感性也越高。people是前半旬中的主语。练习：A Both involve different senses.B Nina Kraus is a neurobiologist (E:) at Northwestern University in Illinois.C Some disabled children attended the musical training Class.D It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning disabilities.E Professor Krauss says cellos have sound qualities similar to some of the sounds that are important with speech.F The brain stem controls our ability to hear.答案与题解：1.B “空l”后面的句子的主语是代词she，说明“空l”的句子中有一个女性的名字。选项B有Nina Kraus(Nina“尼娜”是女性名字)，句子的内容是介绍Nina Kraus，与后面句子的意思配得上。B是答案。2.A 本段的第二、三句说，音乐训练和学习这两件事没有什么很大的不同。选项A的“Both involve different senses”解释了为什么这么说，因为两者都涉及不同的感官，也就是上文所列举的“hearing music”(耳听)，“looking at musical notes/watching other musicians”(眼看)，“touching an instrument”(手触)等。3.F 在六个选项中，选项F的句子中出现特指的the brain stem，说明前文已出现过这个词语。这是篇章写作中常用的词汇连接方式。从意义上看，选项F的句子是解释上文提到的brain stem的功能。上下文意思连贯，所以是答案。4.E 同上面第三题的解释一样，选项E的句子中出现特指的the cellos，与上一句的cello相呼应，该句说明科学家为什么要选择大提琴作为音乐训练的乐器，上下文意思连贯，所以E是答案。 ，5.D 最后一段介绍音乐训练的方法和结果，以及对学习的关联和影响。选项D表达的意思是音乐训练的结果和对学习上有障碍的儿童所产生的正面影响，意思与其前后两句的意思完全配合，D是答案 Avalanche and Its SafetyAn avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are 1 the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.All avalanches are caused by an over=burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope 2 supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is 3 to cause an avalanche, 4 a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low5 of avalanche. Snow does not6 significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not7 easily on fiat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snows angle of rest 1is 8 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb2 is: A slope that is 9 enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche,regardless of the angle. Additionally3, avalanche risk increases with 10 ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous 11 , including route selection and examination to the snowpack, weather 12 , and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also 13 the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid 14 to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are 15 or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.词汇：avalanche n.雪崩 trigger v. 引起，激发snowpack n. 积雪场 incidence n.发生(率)terrain n. 地形，地势 ski v.滑雪steep adj.险峻的，陡峭的 complexity n. 复杂性注释:1.angle of rest：这里指积雪保持静止的角度。2.rule of.thumb：指“a broadly accurate principle，based on experience or practice rather that theory”，即“通用法则，经验法则”。3.Additionally：是一个副词，用来引人新的事实或论点，意为“此外”。4.backcountry：人烟稀少的地区。练习:1. A among B of C to D in2. A when B that C who D whose3. A mostly B likely C clearly D surely4. A are B will be C is D was5. A weight B form C risk D work6. A fall B flow C roll D gather7. A fall B flow C roll D gather8. A among B between C with D for9. A thick B thin C flat D rocky10. A use B time C snow D rain11. A journey B trip C fact D process12. A conditions B reports C forecast D event13. A increase B reduce C improve D remove14. A price B effort C attention D money15. A missing B grown C big D fresh答案与题解：1.A表达“雪崩是山上可能发生的最大危险之一”的意思，因此应该选择among(在之中)。2.B从该句的语法结构上来看，此处需要一个关系代词，代替slope，所以that是最佳选择。选项A、C、D均不符合语法。3.B选项A不符合语法，c和D符合语法，但不符合常识：过度的雪的积压可能导致雪崩，而不是必定导致雪崩。所以，B是最佳答案。4.C该句的主语是Determining the critical load，从上下文来看应该使用一般现在时，所以C是正确答案。5.C要确定本题答案的一个有效的方法是排除法。a.10w weight/form work of avalanche都不合逻辑，只有a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。下面的句子解释了low risk of avalanche的道理，更证实了选risk是正确的。6.D第6和第7题可以一起考虑。整个句子的意思是：在坡度大的坡上，雪不会大量堆积。在较为平坦的坡面，雪不会轻易滑动。7.B(见6)8.B理解了句子的意思就不难判断选项：雪在静止状态下，角度在35_45度之间，最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。between：在之间。9.C这个句子说明的是什么样的山坡最易发生雪崩，即，A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski。flat在此做“平坦”解，与后面的steep形成反义。10.A句中的that is表明，后半部分是对前半部分的进一步说明。所以，这里的选择要根据下文的意思判断。use是最佳选择，整个句子的意思是：山坡被滑雪者使用的越多，雪崩就越可能发生。 、11.D尽管选项A、B和D都能和continuous搭配，从全段的内容判断，只有process是最佳选择，因为该段描写的是如何防备雪崩，及如何做好安全措施等一系列问题。12.A选项A、B、c都可以与weather搭配，但是根据上下文，只有A最为符合文章的内容。13.B选项A不符合句子的意思;c不能和risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思，因为不可能完全消除雪崩的隐患。14.C该句主句使用的是被动语态，第二个动词是pay attention t0的被动形式。l选项A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。15.A该句是作者给出的一系列忠告之一，即，认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径：没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。选项8、C、D均不符合句义Maglev Trains1A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation 1 , which means that these trains float over a guide way using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track trains.2 If youve ever played with magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other2. This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary. You can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA-cell battery3. This creates a small magnetic field. If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery, the magnetic field is taken away.3The magnetic field created in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind amaglev train rail system. There are three components to this system: A large electrical powersource, metal coils lining a guide way or track, and large guidance magnets attached to theunderside of the train.4The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is that maglev trains do not have an engine - at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks4. The engine for maglev trains is rather innoticeable. Instead of using fossil fuels, the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combines to propel the trains5.5The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guideway, repels the large magnets on the trains undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between 1 to 10 cm above the guideway. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push th train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.6Maglev trains float on a cushion of air, eliminating friction. This lack of friction allows these trains to reach unprecedented ground transportation speeds of more than 500 kph, or twice as fast as the fastest conventional train. At 500 kph, you could travel from Paris to Rome in just over two hours.词汇：Levitate v. 悬浮 electrified v. 使带电Levitation n. 悬浮 magnetize v. 使带磁guideway n. 导向槽 line v.排列成行propelb vt. 推进 underside n.下侧，下面propulsion n. 推进 undercarriage n. 车盘注释:1. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation :maglev 是 magnetic levitation 的缩略词。2. opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other: 异极相吸，同极相斥3. AA-cell battery:5号电池4. at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks: 至少不是沿着轨道拉动典型的火车车厢的那种发动机。5. the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combine to propel the train: 由嵌入导向壁内的电磁线圈产生的磁场加上轨道，一起推动火车前进。The magnetic field 和 the track 是句子主语，created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls 是过去分词短语，用作定语，修饰the magnetic field.练习:1. Paragraph 32. Paragraph 43. Paragraph 5A The Main Components of the Maglev Train SystemB High-speed Maglev due to Zero FrictionC The Working Principle of the Maglev TrainD Differences between Polarity and Magnetic FieldE Comparison of Maglev Trains with Traditional OnesF Maglev with a Powerful Motor4. Paragraph 65. Several countries in the world are using strong electromagnets6. You can connect a wire to the positive and negative ends of a battery .7. A unique system of magnetic fields is created by the coils8. The frictionless maglev train enables youA to develop a maglev train rail systemB To explain why maglev trains are fasterC to pull and push the train forwardD to create a magnetic fieldE to experiment with the maglev trainF to travel from Paris to Rome in about two hours答案与题解：1. 第三段了举了磁浮列车的三个组成部分，动力源、金属线圈和此贴。选项A 概括了第三段列的内容。2. E 第四段就磁浮列车和传统火车进行了比较：磁浮列车没有发动机而传统火车有发动机。选项C用comparsion 来概括是准确的。3. C 第五段比较详细的介绍了为什么磁浮列车会向前运动，也就揭示了磁浮列车的工作原理。4. B 在第五段解释了磁浮列车浮起和向前运动的原理之后，作者在第六段中进行了磁浮列车速度奇快的原因：去除了传统火车的车轮于铁轨的摩擦。5. A 选A 的依据是本文第一段第一句：A few countries using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains.6.D第二段说，把电线与干电池相连接就能产生一个小磁场，而磁浮列车的运动原理与此相同。第二段第四句是选择D的依据。7. C第五段的第二句，即“0nce the train is levitated，power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guideway”，是选择c的依据。8.F本文最后一句举出坐上时速500公里的磁浮列车从巴黎到罗马只需约2小时这个例子来说明磁浮列车速度之快。Cell Phone Lets Your Secret OutYour cell phone holds secrets about you. Besides the names and1that youve programmed into it, traces of your DNA2linger on the device, according to a new study.DNA is genetic material that2in every cell. Like your fingerprint, your DNA is unique to you3you have an identical twin. Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood, saliva, or hair left 4 at the scene of a crime. The results often help detectives identify 5 and their victims. Your cell phone can reveal more about you6you might think.Meghan J. McFadden, a scientist at McMaster University1in Hamilton, Ontario, heard about a crime in which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the7 This made her wonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones-even when no blood was involved. 8she and colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones3 of 10 volunteers. They used swabs to collect9traces of the users from two parts of the phone: the outside, where the user holds it, and the10, which is placed at the users ear.The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly11alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA. The owners got their phones12for another week. Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once more.The scientists discovered DNA that13to the phones speaker on each of the phones. Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone, but those swabs also picked up DNA that belonged to other people who had apparently also handled the phone. 14, DNA showed up even in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed. That suggests that washing wont remove all traces of evidence from a criminals device. So cell phones can now be added to the15of clues that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.词汇:linger v.逗留 flip-open phone 翻盖手机genetic adj.遗传的 swab n. 药签saliva n. 涎，唾液 scrub v. 用力擦洗;擦净bleed v. 流血 clinch v.确定，决定注释:1.McMaster University：麦克马斯特大学，位于加拿大安大略省汉密尔顿市，成立于1887年。2.DNA：脱氧核糖核酸。系deoxyribon