基于QT的校园导航系统的设计与实现-外文翻译

0外文原文IntheUnitedStatesinFebruary15,1946,UniversityofPennsylvania,theworldsfirstelectroniccalculatorENIACofficiallyputintooperation.Thegrandopeningceremony,ENIACshowitsuniqueskill:inasecond5000additionoperations;withinonesecondof500multiplicationoperations.Thiswasthefastestelectriccalculatoroperationspeedto1000times.Theaudiencestoodupandcheered,cheerthescienceandtechnologyhasenteredanewhistoricalperiodofdevelopment.However,technicallyspeaking,ENIAChasnotyetbeenofficiallyrunningisalmostoutofdate.Becauseinitsformaloperationbefore,anewelectroniccalculatordesignreport,andinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofcalculatortreehadanewmilepost!Thedesignofthedraftingofthereport,twentiethCenturyisgiftedmasterofmathematics,theHungarian-AmericanmathematicianofvonNeumann.InDecember28,1903,Rev.ImanwasborninBudapest,hungary.Healwaysshowsamazinggiftformathematics,itissaidthatinthe6yearsoldcando8Mathematicsdivision,8yearsoldwhenhemasteredcalculus,12yearsoldwhenhereadaprofoundmathematicalwritingsfunction!Later,vonNeumanninHungary.MathematicsundertheguidanceofthefatherFeiyeer,havereceivedstricttraining.Attheageof18,heandtheguidanceofteachercooperationinforeigncountries,themagazinepublishedthefirstmathematicalpapers.In1926,Neumannvon.AlmostatthesametimegraduatedfromtheUniversityintwo:ZurichHigherInstituteoftechnologychemicalengineeringdiploma;attheUniversityofBudapesttoobtainmathematicalPhDcertificate.In1930,Rev.NeumannwenttotheUnitedStates,washiredasthevisitingprofessorofPrincetonUniversity.3yearslater,only30yearsold,Neumannvon.WithgreatscientistEinstein,PrincetonbecamethefirstpermanentmemberoftheInstituteforadvancedstudy.WiththeRev.Neumannworkedwithpeople,recognizedhistalent.Histeacher,thefamousmathematicianPolyasaid:Rev.Neumannismyonlyfearthestudent,ifIinspeech1arelistedinapuzzle,sowhenItheendofhisspeech,healwaystookapieceofpaperthathasbeenscribbledtheproblemout.Once,amathematicianonaproblemof5caseswithhandcalculatorcalculateanovernight,theverynextdaytoconsultFeng.Neumann,hejust7minutestofigureoutalltheanswers,then,Neumannvon.Abouthalfanhour,andfoundabetter.Algorithm.However,Rev.Neumannswifefindshimalittlegeometricsensenor.Once,sheletvon.Neumanntofetchacupofwater,Rev.Neumanninthishousefor17yearsoflife,doesntknowwhereheplacedinthecup,round,comebackagainaskedhiswifewhereglass.Onthechoresoflifebeabsent-minded,reflectedfromtheothersideofhisscientificresearchfocus.Neumannvon.Studyquestionconcentrated,sokeentocapturetheessenceoftheproblem.Before1940,Rev.Neumannonmathematicalpagesofferconcentratedinpuremathematics.Hehasstudiedoperatorringfieldfor20years,hasbeeninthefieldbeyondalldisputetheauthorityoftheworld;hisotherXiangHuihuangsscientificachievements,ispartofthesolutiontotheproblemofHilbertfifth,tocompletelysolvethismathproblemhasmadeasignificantcontributiontothefamous.In1940,Rev.Neumannactivelyinvolvedintheanti-fascistwartorrent,startedfromthepuremathematicianstooutstandingappliedmathematicianstransformationprocess.Duringthewar,hewasappointedtotheUnitedStatesNavalOrdnanceBureauunitsandmanyotherconsultants,butalsodirectlyinvolvedinthedevelopmentofnuclearweaponswork,forthedesignoftheoptimalstructureoftheatomicbombandputforwardmanyimportantsuggestions.Rev.Neumannhasanoutstandingadvantage,isgoodatthepeoplethatcannotusethemathematicaltreatmentoftheactualproblemtobeaxiomatic,systematic,theabstractmathematicaltheoryskillfullyappliedtoreallifefield.Forexample,abusinessmanindozensoftrading,traderswillseektobenefittheirownoptimalstrategy,themathematicsisfarmorecomplexthanthesolarsystemplanetsmotion,von.Neumanndaredtoadvancedespitedifficulties,withaseriesofmathematicalcreativerevealedthiskindofphenomenon,2whichlaidthefoundationofthisbranchofmathematicsofgametheoryonthebasisof.Neumannvon.Oncalculatorscientificcontributions,especiallyforpeopletoappreciate.Interestingly,introduceshimtothisfieldispurelybychance.Thesummerof1944,Rev.Neumannatatrainstation,mettheENIACdevelopmentteamisresponsibleforoneofthemathematician,Goldsteinlieutenant.Atthattime,Rev.Neumannisatomicbombexperimentmetalargenumberofcomputationalproblemsanddistress,suchasthenuclearfissionreactionprocessproblem,needtobebillionsoftimeselementaryarithmeticoperations,hundredsoffemalecomputerwithdesktopcomputingworkeddayandnight,stillcantfinishthetaskontime.InthedativeEdelsteinLieutenantchatvon.NeumannheardENIACbeingdevelopedbythenews,immediatelyunderstoodtheworkofprofoundsignificance.Soonafter,hebecameadevelopmentteamregulars,andthesolutionofsomekeyproblemscontributedto.Atthattime,ENIACdevelopmentworkalreadynearedend,von.NeumannandtogetherfocusedonENIACdeficiencies.In1945March,hedraftedaelectronicdiscretevariableautomaticcalculatorofthedesignreport,theENIACmadetwoimportantimprovements.Animprovementisthebandof10to2m,thusgreatlysimplifyingthecalculatorstructureandoperationprocess;anotherimprovementistheprogramwiththedatastoredinthecalculator,thecalculatorofthewholeoperationofatrulyautomaticprocess.Thedesignreportisthecalculatorstructurethoughtofoneofthemostimportantreform,markedtherealbeginningoftheageofelectroniccalculator.Alwayspursuepost-secondaryAcademicInstituteforadvancedstudyinPrinceton,alsoanapprovedvonNeumanndevelopmentwork.Sincethen,hisnewdesignidea,deeplybrandedinthebasicdesignofmodernelectroniccalculator.TheWesternscientiststovon.Neumannsworkgaveahighevaluation,regardhimasthefatheroftheelectroniccalculator.Later,Rev.Neumanngoesfurthertoresearchtheautomatatheory,withamazingperseverancetoovercomethepainofcancer,explorethecalculatorandthehumanbrainmechanismsofsimilarphenomenon.Unfortunately,inFebruary8,1957,calculatorabout3brainanddonotfinish,Rev.Neumannwascancerclaimedthelivesof.Rev.Neumannhaslefttheworldrichscientificheritage.IntwentiethCenturyhewasthemostprolificofoneofthescientists,intheoreticalphysics,economics,meteorologyandmanyotherscientificfields,alsolefthistoiltrail.Forexample,earlyinhislifehewrotethemathematicalfoundationofquantummechanicsonebook,thefirstquantummechanicsintothestrictmathematicalsystems,arestilltheoreticalphysicsclassics.Theexpertspointedout:ifthetimehastoexplorevon.Neumannspersonalambitionandacademicachievement,thereisdiscussionofthepast30yearsthehistoryofscientificdevelopmentoutline.By1956,thewholeworldhasproducedthousandsoflargeelectroniccomputer,someofwhichhavehighcomputingspeedoftensofthousandsoftimespersecond.Theseelectroniccalculatortovacuumtubeasthemaincomponent,itiscalledavacuumtubecomputer.Useofthisgenerationofelectroniccalculator,thesatellitewassentontheday.Thisisthefirstgenerationofelectroniccalculator.Thesecondgenerationofelectroniccalculatorisatransistorcalculator.In1956,theUnitedStatesBaerlaboratorytransistorsinsteadofvacuumtubes,madetheworldsfirstalltransistorcalculatorLepreachaun.Itmakesthevolume,weight,powerconsumptioncalculatoraregreatlyreduced.To60time,theworldhasproducedmorethan3Taiwantransistorcalculator,operationalspeedsofupto3000000timespersecond.Thirdgenerationcomputerissmallandmediumscaleintegratedcircuitcalculator.In1962,theUnitedStatesTexascompanyandtheUnitedStatesAirForcecooperation,withintegratedcircuitcalculatorofbasicelectroniccomponents,madeaexperimentalprototype.Inthisperiod,calculator,volumepowerconsumptionisfurtherreduced,thereliabilityisgreatlyimproved,operationspeedsofupto40000000timespersecond.Thefourthgenerationofelectroniccalculatorisalarge-scaleintegratedcircuitcalculator.Isgenerallybelievedthatwasstartedin1970.Now,thegiantmachineoperationspeedhasreachedhundredsofmillionsoftimespersecond,inscientificresearchandeconomicmanagementplaysanirreplaceablerole;andtheminiaturemachinemakesthe4calculatorofthevolumeandthecostisgreatlyreduced,andpenetratedintotheindustrialproductionanddailylifeeachquoin.Today,tomakeaENIACalsofunctioncalculator,volumeaslongasitsppmisenough.Fifthgenerationcomputerresearchworkhasbeencarriedoutformanyyears,whetheritisfantasyofthesuperconductingcalculator,calculator,calculator,orlightbiologicalartificialintelligentamplifier,havemadecertainprogress.Thisgenerationofcomputerspeedwillreacheverysecondtrilliontimes,cantoalargeextentsimulatinghumanintelligence,andinsomewayssurpasshumanintelligence.Theclevermathematiciantoelectroniccalculator,electroniccalculatorwillenablemathematiciansbecomemoreclever.Andtheelectroniccalculatorisnotonlyatool,itandothertoolsarenotthesame:electroniccalculatoristhehumanbrainasideextension.Becausetheelectroniccalculatornotonlyhasspecialcomputingability,speedisunmatched,butalsoiscapableofsimulatingthehumansomethinkingfunctions,inaccordancewithcertainrulesforlogicaljudgmentandlogicalreasoning,toreplacethepartialmentallabor.In1976,amathematicianwithelectroniccalculatortoprovethefour-colortheorem,relyingonthemachinesdidnotabletocompletethethings,hascausedasensationthroughouttheinternationalmathematicalcircles.Electroniccalculatortothinkmoreeffectivelytotheunknownfield.Justfromthispointofview,itisnotdifficulttorealizeelectroniccalculatorisagreatinventionofscience.5中文翻译1946年2月15日，在美国宾夕法尼亚大学，世界上第一台电子计算器ENIAC正式投入了运行。在隆重的揭幕仪式上，ENIAC表演了它的绝招：在1秒钟内进行5000次加法运算；在1秒钟内进行500次乘法运算。这比当时最快的电器计算器的运算速度要抉1000多倍。全场起立欢呼，欢呼科学技术进入了一个新的历史发展时期。然而，从技术上讲，ENIAC尚未正式运行也就几乎过时了。因为在它正式运行之前，一份新型电子计算器的设计报告，又在计算器发展史上树起了一座新的里程碑！这份设计报告的起草人，就是20世纪天才的数学大师之一、美籍匈牙利数学家冯诺伊曼。1903年12月28日，冯伊曼诞生于匈牙利的布达佩斯市。他从小就显示惊人的数学天赋，相传在6岁时就能心算8位数学除法，8岁时就掌握了微积分，12岁时竟读懂了一部高深的数学著作函数论的大意！后来，冯诺伊曼在匈牙利数学之父费叶尔的指导下，接受了严格的训练。18岁时，他与指导老师合作，在国外的杂志上发表了第一篇数学论文。1926年，冯诺伊曼几乎同时毕业于两所大学：在苏黎世高等技术学院获得化学工程文凭；在布达佩斯大学获得数学博士证书。1930年，冯诺伊曼到了美国，被聘为普林斯顿大学的访问教授。3年之后，年仅30岁的冯诺伊曼与大科学家爱因斯坦一道，成为普林斯顿高级研究院的首批常任成员。与冯诺伊曼一起工作过的人，一致公认他才智过人。他的老师、著名数学家波利亚说：冯诺伊曼是我唯一感到害怕的学生，如果我在讲演中列出一道难题，那幺当我讲演结束时，他总会拿着一张潦草写就的纸片说已把难题解出来了。有一次，一个数学家对一个题的5种情况分别用手摇计算器算了一个通宵，第二天去请教冯诺伊曼，结果他只用7分钟就算出了全部的答案，接着，冯诺伊曼思考了半个小时，又发现了一种更好的简捷算法。不过，冯诺伊曼的妻子却认为他一点几何头脑也没有。有一次，她让冯诺伊曼去取一杯水，冯诺伊曼在这幢房子里生活了17年，竟弄不清杯子放在什幺地方，他转了半天，又走回来问妻子玻璃杯放在哪里。对生活琐事的心不在焉，从另一个侧面反映了他对科学研究的专注。冯诺伊曼研究问题时精神高度集中，因而能敏锐地抓住问题的本质。1940年以前，冯诺伊曼对数学的页献集中在纯粹数学方面。他曾研究算子环领域达20年之久，一直是这个领域内无可争辩的世界权威；他的另一项辉煌的科学成就，是部分解决了希尔伯特第5问题，为完全解决这著名数学难题作出了重大贡献。1940年，冯诺伊曼积极投身于反法西斯战争的洪流，开始了由纯粹数学家到杰出应用数学家的转变过程。在战争年代，他先后被聘为美国海军兵工局等许多单位的顾问，还直接参与了核武器的研制工作，为设计原子弹的最佳结构提出了许多重要建议。冯诺伊曼有一个突出的优点，就是善于把人们认为不能用数学处理的实际问题加以公理化、系统化，将抽象的数学理论巧妙地应用于实际生活领域。譬如一次几十名商人参加的交易会，商人们都会谋求有利于自己的最优策略，其数学复杂程度远远超过了太阳系行星的运动，冯诺伊曼敢于知难而进，用一系列的数学创造揭示这类6现象的规律，从而奠定了对策论这门数学分支的基础。冯诺伊曼对计算器科学的贡献，尤其为人们所赞赏。有趣的是，将他引向这个领域却纯粹是一个偶然的机会。1944年夏天，冯诺伊曼在一个火车站候车时，偶然遇见ENIAC研制小组的负责人之一、数学家格尔斯坦中尉。当时，冯诺伊曼正为原子弹实验中遇到的大量计算问题而苦恼，譬如有关原子核裂变反应过程问题，需要进行数十亿次初等算术运算，上百名女计算员用台式计算日夜不停地工作，仍然不能按时完成任务。在与格尔斯坦中尉闲聊中冯诺伊曼听到了ENIAC正在研制的消息，立刻理解了这项工作的深远意义。不久，他就成了研制小组的常客，并对一些关键问题的解决作出了贡献。那时候，ENIAC的研制工作已经接近尾声，冯诺伊曼与大一起集中讨论了ENIAC的不足处。1945年3月，他起草了一份离散变量自动电子计算器的设计报告，对ENIAC作了两项重大的改进。一项改进是将10进制改为2进制，从而大大简化了计算器的结构和运算过程；另一项改进是将程序与数据一起存贮在计算器内，使得电子计算器的全部运算成为真正的自动过程。这份设计报告是计算器结构思想一次最重要的改革，标志着电子计算器时代的真正开始。连一向专搞理论的普林斯顿高级研究院，也破例批准了冯诺伊曼的研制工作。从此，他那崭新的设计思想，深深地烙记在现代电子计算器的基本设