外文文献翻译（原文）-基于压降型PWM开关电源的建模、仿真和减少传导性电磁干扰

FModeling,Simulation,andReductionofConductedElectromagneticInterferenceDuetoaPWMBuckTypeSwitchingPowerSupplyA.FarhadiAbstract-UndesiredgenerationofradiatedorconductedenergyinelectricalsystemsiscalledElectromagneticInterference(EMI).HighspeedswitchingfrequencyinpowerelectronicsconvertersespeciallyinswitchingpowersuppliesimprovesefficiencybutleadstoEMI.Differentkindofconductedinterference,EMIregulationsandconductedEMImeasurementareintroducedinthispaper.CompliancywithnationalorinternationalregulationiscalledElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC).PowerelectronicsystemsproducersmustregardEMC.ModelingandsimulationisthefirststepofEMCevaluation.EMIsimulationresultsduetoaPWMBucktypeswitchingpowersupplyarepresentedinthispaper.ToimproveEMC,sometechniquesareintroducedandtheireffectivenessprovedbysimulation.IndexTerms-Conducted,EMC,EMI,LISN,SwitchingSupplyI.INTRODUCTIONASTsemiconductorsmakeitpossibletohavehighspeedandhighfrequencyswitchinginpowerelectronics1.Highspeedswitchingcausesweightandvolumereductionofequipment,butsomeunwantedeffectssuchasradiofrequencyinterferenceappeared2.Compliancewithelectromagneticcompatibility(EMC)regulationsisnecessaryforproducerstopresenttheirproductstothemarkets.ItisimportanttotakeEMCaspectsalreadyindesignphase3.ModelingandsimulationisthemosteffectivetooltoanalyzeEMCconsiderationbeforedevelopingtheproducts.Alotofthepreviousstudiesconcernedthelowfrequencyanalysisofpowerelectronicscomponents4,5.DifferenttypesofpowerelectronicsconvertersarecapabletobeconsideredassourceofEMI.TheycouldpropagatetheEMIinbothradiatedandconductedforms.LineImpedanceStabilizationNetwork(LISN)isrequiredformeasurementandcalculationofconductedinterferencelevel6.InterferencespectrumattheoutputofLISNisintroducedastheEMCevaluationcriterion7,8.NationalorinternationalregulationsarethereferencesfortheevaluationofequipmentinpointofviewofEMC7,8.II.SOURCE,PATHANDVICTIMOFEMIUndesiredvoltageorcurrentiscalledinterferenceandtheircauseiscalledinterferencesource.Inthispaperahigh-speedswitchingpowersupplyisthesourceofinterference.AmirFarhadiiswithNirooResearchInstitute(N.R.I)asresearchengineer(Email:afarhadinri.ac.ir).Interferencepropagatedbyradiationinareaaroundofaninterferencesourceorbyconductionthroughcommoncablingorwiringconnections.Inthisstudyconductedemissionisconsideredonly.Equipmentsuchascomputers,receivers,amplifiers,industrialcontrollers,etcthatareexposedtointerferencecorruptionarecalledvictims.Thecommonconnectionsofelements,sourcelinesandcablingprovidepathsforconductednoiseorinterference.Electromagneticconductedinterferencehastwocomponentsasdifferentialmodeandcommonmode9.A.DifferentialmodeconductedinterferenceThismodeisrelatedtothenoisethatisimposedbetweendifferentlinesofatestcircuitbyanoisesource.RelatedcurrentpathisshowninFig.19.Theinterferencesource,pathimpedances,differentialmodecurrentandloadimpedancearealsoshowninFig.1.Fig.1.DifferentialmodeconductedinterferencepathB.CommonmodeconductedinterferenceCommonmodenoiseorinterferencecouldappearandimposebetweenthelines,cablesorconnectionsandcommonground.Anyleakagecurrentbetweenloadandcommongroundcouldbemodeledbyinterferencevoltagesource.Fig.2demonstratesthecommonmodeinterferencesource,commonmodecurrentsIcm1andIcm2andtherelatedcurrentpaths9.Thepowerelectronicsconvertersperformasnoisesourcebetweenlinesofthesupplynetwork.Inthisstudydifferentialmodeofconductedinterferenceisparticularlyimportantanddiscussionwillbecontinuedconsideringthismodeonly.978-1-4244-1770-4/08/$25.002008IEEEFig.2.CommonmodeconductedinterferencepathsIII.ELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITYREGULATIONSApplicationofelectricalequipmentespeciallystaticpowerelectronicconvertersindifferentequipmentisincreasingmoreandmore.Asmentionedbefore,powerelectronicsconvertersareconsideredasanimportantsourceofelectromagneticinterferenceandhavecorruptingeffectsontheelectricnetworks2.Highlevelofpollutionresultingfromvariousdisturbancesreducesthequalityofpowerinelectricnetworks.Ontheothersidesomeresidential,commercialandespeciallymedicalconsumersaresosensitivetopowersystemdisturbancesincludingvoltageandfrequencyvariations.ThebestsolutiontoreducecorruptionandimprovepowerqualityiscomplyingnationalorinternationalEMCregulations.CISPR,IEC,FCCandVDEareamongthemostfamousorganizationsfromEurope,USAandGermanywhoareresponsiblefordeterminingandpublishingthemostimportantEMCregulations.IECandVDErequirementandlimitationsonconductedemissionareshowninFig.3andFig.47,9.Fig.4.VDEconductedemissionlimitsFordifferentgroupsofconsumersdifferentclassesofregulationscouldbecomplied.ClassAforcommonconsumersandclassBwithmorehardlimitationsforspecialconsumersareseparatedinFig.3andFig.4.FrequencyrangeoflimitationisdifferentforIECandVDEthatare150kHzupto30MHzand10kHzupto30MHzrespectively.Complianceofregulationsisevaluatedbycomparisonofmeasuredorcalculatedconductedinterferencelevelinthementionedfrequencyrangewiththestatedrequirementsinregulations.InunitedEuropeancommunitycomplianceofregulationismandatoryandproductsmusthavecertifiedlabeltoshowcoveringofrequirements8.IV.ELECTROMAGNETICCONDUCTEDINTERFERENCEMEASUREMENTA.LineImpedanceStabilizationNetwork(LISN)LISNisanindustrialelementofferedbystandardstoplacebetweenthesupplyandpowerelectronicsconverterincludingloadasaninterfacetomakeitpossiblemeasuringtheconductedinterference7.ThestatedsituationisshowninFig.56.LISNshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristicstosatisfymeasurementconditions6.1-Providingalowimpedancepathtotransferpowerfromsourcetopowerelectronicsconverterandload.2-Providingalowimpedancepathfrominterferencesource,herepowerelectronicsconverter,tomeasurementport.Fig.3.IECconductedemissionlimitsFig.5.LISNplacementtomeasureconductedinterferenceB.LISNtopologyThecommontopologyforLISNisshowninFig.67.Fig.6.LISNcommontopologyVariationofLISNimpedanceversusfrequencywiththementionedtopologyispresentedinFig.7.LISNhasstabilizedimpedanceintherangeofconductedEMImeasurement7.Fig.7.LISNimpedanceversusfrequencyVariationoflevelofsignalattheoutputofLISNversusfrequencyisthespectrumofinterference.Theelectromagneticcompatibilityofasystemcanbeevaluatedbycomparisonofitsinterferencespectrumwiththestandardlimitations.ThelevelofsignalattheoutputofLISNinfrequencyrange10kHzupto30MHzor150kHzupto30MHziscriterionofcompatibilityandshouldbeunderthestandardlimitations.In,practicalsituations,theLISNoutputisconnectedtoaspectrumanalyzerandinterferencemeasurementiscarriedout.Butformodelingandsimulationpurposes,theLISNoutputspectrumiscalculatedusingappropriatesoftware.CONCLUSIONAppearanceofElectromagneticInterferenceduetothefastswitchingsemiconductordevicesperformanceinpowerelectronicsconvertersisintroducedinthispaper.RadiatedandconductedinterferencearetwotypesofElectromagneticInterferencewhereconductedtypeisstudiedinthispaper.Compatibilityregulationsandconductedinterferencemeasurementwereexplained.LISNasanimportantpartofmeasuringprocessbesidesitstopology,parametersandimpedanceweredescribed.EMIspectrumduetoaPWMBucktypeDC/DCconverterwasconsideredandsimulated.ItisnecessarytopresentmechanismstoreducethelevelofElectromagneticinterference.ItshownthatEMIduetoaPWMBucktypeswitchingpowersupplycouldbereducedbycontrollingparameterssuchasdutycycle,dutycyclevariationandreferencevoltagefrequency.REFRENCES1Mohan,Undeland,andRobbins,“PowerElectronicsConverters,ApplicationsandDesign”3rdedition,JohnWiley&Sons,2003.2P.Moy,“EMCRelatedIssuesforPowerElectronics”,IEEE,AutomotivePowerElectronics,1989,28-29Aug.1989pp.4653.3M.J.Nave,“PredictionofConductedInterferenceinSwitchedModePowerSupplies”,Session3B,IEEEInternationalSymp.onEMC,1986.4Henderson,R.D.andRose,P.J.,“HarmonicsandtheirEffectsonPowerQualityandTransformers”,IEEETrans.OnInd.App.,1994,pp.528-532.5I.Kasikci,“ANewMethodforPowerFactorCorrectionandHarmonicEliminationinPowerSystem”,ProceedingsofIEEENinthInternationalConferenceonHarmonicsandQualityofPower,Volume3,pp.810815,Oct.2000.