新编法律英语(姚骏华)第六课中英语对照翻译.doc

Civil Procedure LawCivil ProcedureI. Separate Court SystemsKey Difference in Civil and Criminal Law(1) Public Law. This includes criminal law, constitution and administration law. Public law is concerned with the interaction between an individual and the rest of community.(2) Private Law. This includes tort, contract and divorce law. Private law concerns the interaction between individuals in the community, inasmuch as they do not concern the community as a whole.Thus, criminal law is concerned with conduct of which the State disapproves and will punish the wrongdoer, seeking to deter others from similar behavior.Civil law has a complementary function. When a dispute arises between two individuals, rules of civil law are applied to determine which individual is in the right. The party in the wrong must then compensate the other for any loss or damage.The object of the criminal law is, therefore ,punitive; the object of the civil law is to compensate the person wronged.1、 不同的法院系统民法与刑法的主要区别（1）公法：公法包括刑法，宪法，行政法。公法调整个人与社会之间的相互关系。（2）私法：私法包括侵权法，合同法，和婚姻法。私法调整社会中人与人之间的关系，因为他们不能作为整体关系到社会问题。因此，刑法调整国家不允许的行为并且惩罚犯罪者，以寻求阻止他人进行类似的行为。民法有辅助功能。当两个个体出现争议，适用民法条文确定谁是正确的。过错方必须赔偿另一方的损失。故，刑法的目的具有惩罚性,民法的目的是补偿受害方。II. Choosing the Proper CourtSubject-Matter JurisdictionThe first question that must be addressed when deciding where to file suit is which courts have the requisite power or competence to decide the type of controversy involved. This requirement typically is stated in terms of whether the court has subject-matter jurisdiction.(1) State Courts. Or state courts typically the statutes establishing the different courts in the state will set each courts subject-matter jurisdiction boundaries. The question is not whether the plaintiff can bring an action in a state court, but which of the existing state courts is authorized to hear the case.(2) Federal courts. Federal courts are courts of general jurisdiction. That is to say, all federal district courts are treated as trial courts of equal jurisdictional power; there is no division among the district court may entertain an action based on almost any area of the law. The one exception to this principle is the existence of specialized federal courts to handle certain matters, such as the Tax Court, the Claims Court and the Bankruptcy Court. However, even in those cases the plaintiff may have the option of filling suit in the specialized federal court or in the federal district court.(3) Original and appellate Jurisdiction. Courts having original jurisdiction are courts of first instance-that is where to go to obtain a trial of the case. Courts having appellate jurisdiction function as reviewing courts and the case may be brought to them only on appeal from an order or judgment in a lower court.Thus, any inquiry into subject-matter jurisdiction must consider not only whether the court has been given the power to hear a certain controversy, but also whether it is a trial or an appellate tribunal.2、 寻择适当的法院对事管辖权当决定提起诉讼时，哪家法院具有必不可少的权力来审理这类型的争诉变成首要问题。通常的必要条件是根据这家法院是否有对事管辖权。（1）州法院：通常对州法院来讲，法律在州内设立不同的法院，并设定各法院间的对事管辖权界限。对事管辖权不在于原告在那个州法院提起诉讼，而在于哪家现有法院被授权审理此案。（2）联邦法院：联邦法院具有普通管辖权。就是说，所有联邦地方法院具有同等的对事管辖权；各联邦地方法院之间没有关于哪一类案件可以在哪一类法庭审理的划分。联邦地方法院可以根据几乎任何一个区域的法律受理诉讼。对一这一原则唯一的例外是，存在特殊联邦法院处理特别案件，如税务法院，索赔法院和破产法院。然而，即使这些案件，原告也可以依据自己的观点向联邦特别法院或联邦地方法院提起诉讼。（3）原始管辖和上诉管辖：首次审理案件的法院是拥有原始管辖权的法院。法院具有上诉管辖权起到审查法院的作用，根据判决或裁定向他们提起上诉的案件来自于下级法院。因此，任何有关对事管辖权的了解，不仅要看是否法院有受理争诉的权限，也要看是否是原审法院还是上诉法院。VenueVenue is a statutory requirement designed to regulate the flow of judicial business within a particular court system and to identify a convenient forum for the parties to litigate their dispute.In the federal court system, ,venue provisions set out the district or districts in a given state in which suit may be brought, assuming subject-matter and personal jurisdiction requirements are met. In state court systems, venue statues typically refer to the proper county in which to bring the action.A common distinction that is drawn in venue statues is the difference between a local and a transitory action. Local actions involving ownership of, possession of ,or injury to real property can be brought only in county in which the land is situated. Transitory actions encompassing all other suits are not so restricted.Today, in ascertaining appropriate venue, one should first determine whether a suit is covered by the local action rule. If it is, then venue is only proper where the subject matter of the action is located. In federal court, if a case is not within the local action rule, venue is proper in a judicial district. In state court, if a suit is not covered by the local action rule, then venue is proper in a county where the defendant resides or may be summoned.审判地审判地是一个法定的必要条件，用来在一个特定的法院体系中规范司法业务的运行，并为诉讼争议的当事人确定一个合适的法院。在联邦法院体系中，如对事管辖权和对人管辖权符合要求，审判地的规定可决定诉讼将在一个特定州内某一个区内进行。在州法院体系中，审判地法律通常确定在适当的县提出诉讼。审判地法律规定的一个共同特点就是有当地诉讼和可选择审判地诉讼之分。当地诉讼涉及不动产的所有权、占有、侵占，只能在不动产所在县提起诉讼。可选择审判地的诉讼包括一切其他的诉讼案件并未如此限定。现在，确定合适的审判地，应该首先确定诉讼是否在当地诉讼范围内。如果是的话，那么审判地在诉讼发生地是唯一正确的。在联邦法院，如果诉讼不属于当地诉讼范围中，审判地则由有属地管辖权的州确定。在州法院，如果诉讼是不属于当地诉讼范围中，审判地是在被告所在的县或者是可以传唤的县是合适的。Personal JroductionThe doctrine of personal jurisdiction addresses the question whether a court has the power to render a binding, enforceable judgment defining or declaring the rights and duties of the parties. Power is assumed to exist because each state has sovereign control over all things and persons within its borders. The major jurisdictional problems and developments have centered on the issue whether and when a court can assert personal jurisdiction over a defendant not found within the state. To answer this question usually requires two steps. First, you must find a statute authorizing the assertion of personal jurisdiction over persons outside the forum states borders under circumstances similar to your case. Second, you must be able to conclude that the application of the statute to the case at hand meets constitutional standards. Both these steps must be satisfied for each and every defendant in an action, as well as any additional parties who later may be joined.In addition to fitting your case within a statute and making certain that the use of that statute is consistent with the Constitution, procedural affected by any judgment be given adequate notice and an opportunity to be heared. Otherwise, any judgment that is entered may be invalid.对人的管辖权1、介绍对人的管辖权要解决的问题是法院是否有权按人作出判决，强制执行判决或明确双方的权利和义务。这种权力是假定存在的，因为每个州在其管辖范围内对所有的物和人都有至高无上的管辖权。主要管辖权问题和进展都集中被告不在该州的情况下，法院什么时候以及怎样确定对人的管辖。要回答这个问题通常要分为两步。首先，你必须找到一个被告不在法庭所在州范围内的与你案子类似情况的对人管辖权的法令依据。其次，你必须比较确定手头案子的法律适用是否符合宪法规定。上述两步都必须要满足每一个被告的行为以及之后可能增加的任何一方的要求。除了你依据的与宪法相一致的法令要符合你的案子外，正当程序还要求权利的合理告知和审理途径。否则，相应的审判将可能是无效的。2. standard for asserting personal jurisdictionThe supreme court clearly enunciated the principle that the defendant should have sufficient “minimum contract” with the forum state so that traditional notions of “fair play and substantial justice” would not be offended by the assertion of jurisdiction. Additional content has been given to the meaning of “minimum contacts” by the Supreme Court that the defendants contact with the forum must be purposeful-the court must be able to find that the defendant had purposefully availed himself of the privilege of conducting some activity in the state, thereby invoking the benifits and protections of state law.2、对人管辖权生效的标准美国最高法院确立了关于对非本州被告行使对人管辖权的最低法律要求的原则。如果被告与诉讼州有足够的或实质性的联系，从而对该案的审理不违反传统的公平对待和实质公正的概念，则州法院对不在该州居住的被告有对人管辖权。美国最高法院又对“最低限度联系”作了补充，被告的有目的性的积极商业行为被认为是足够的联系，即法院应找出被告在该州的有目的行为与该州有足够的联系，从而通过州法律予以行使和保护。3. Service of Process-the Means of Asserting Jurisdiction(1) Actual service. When actual service is utilized, in-hand delivery of the summons and complaint is made(2) Substituded service. Substituted service embraces a wide variety of means of notifying the defendant of the action without personal delivery of the summons and complaint, mainly by registered mail.(3) Constructive service. Constructive service now may be permitted only when other more direct means of notice are not possible.3、送达传票明确管辖的形式送达传票是明确管辖的基本形式，通常有三种方式。（1）实质送达。实质送达就是直接送达传票和诉状。（2）代理送达。代理送达包括除了专人送达传票和诉状以外的广义的通知被告的形式，主要如挂号信。（3）推定送达。推定送达目前仅允许当其他直接送达方式都无法送达的情况下采用。Challenge to the Plaintiffs Selection1. Because issues of subject-matter jurisdiction address the courts constitutional or statutory poweer to entertain a particular controversy, they involve questions concerning they very nature of the court itself and are not matters of personal right. Thus,an objection to subject-matter jusrisdiction can be made at any time throughout the proceedings. It even may be raised for the first time on appeal. There are no real restrictions on raising a subject-matter defense during the course of the proceedings.对原告选择的异议1、 因为对事管辖权明确了法院受理特殊争诉的合宪或法定权力，它们涉及法院的本质，与私权无关。因此，对事管辖权异议可以在整个诉讼中提出，甚至可以在上诉时第一时间提出。在诉讼过程中，提出对事抗辩是没有任何限制的。2. Because issues of personal jurisdiction are tied to the person al due process rights of the defendant, the defendant can object to the courts power over him. Consent to jurisdiction may occar prior to any suit being filed. If the court finds that personal jurisdiction does not exist, the suit will be dismissed. Now the defandent may raise the objection either in a pretrial motion to dismiss or in the answer .2、由于对人管辖权与被告的个人正当权利紧密相关，被告可以就法院对他的管辖权提出异议。提起任何诉讼前，应当优先确认管辖权