聚焦定语从句

聚焦定语从句“限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句”篇例句呈现读下面的句子，看一看各句中的定语从句有什么相同或不同的地方。1. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.2. Which is the book (that) you want to read?3. The college, where he studied for four years, is a famous one.4. Mr. Brown is my English teacher, who came to China last year.5. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.6. He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.7. Last night he sang a love song, which he must have learnt in his youth.小结归纳句1和句2中的定语从句是我们熟悉的限制性定语从句，它是用来修饰和限制先行词的，是复合句中不可缺少的组成部分，若将它去掉，主句就会不完整或失去意义。而句3、4、5、6、7中的定语从句和先行词用逗号分开了，我们把这样的定语从句叫做非限制性定语从句，它在句中起补充说明的作用，可以省略。非限制性定语从句的引导词一般不用that，指代“人”时用who或whom（如：句4），指代“物”时用which（如：句5），还可用when, where等关系副词（如：句3）。 注意： which不仅仅可以指代某个名词或代词，还可以指代前面的整个主句或主句的一部分内容（如：句6）。另外，在非限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词不可以省略（如：句7）；而在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可以省略（如：句2）。即学即用1. Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.(浙江2007)A. that B. which C. whoD. where2. Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. (浙江2005)A. which B. that C. this D. it3. Her sister has become a lawyer, _ she wanted to be. (湖北2005)A. who B. that C. what D. which 4. Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place.(浙江2004)A. when B. where C. what D. which5. York, _ last year, is a nice old city. (北京2003)A. that I visited B. which I visited C. where I visited D. in which I visitedKey: 1-5 BADDB一、引导名词性从句的连接词分类引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连词（5个）：that（宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略） whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”） 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词（9个）：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever 连接副词（7个）：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 不可省略的连词： 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下，只可用whether： 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有or not 5. 引导同位语从句 Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 编辑本段二. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： （1） It + be + 名词 + that从句 （2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句 （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 （4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that 三、宾语从句名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如： He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command,等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如： I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如： I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if： a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c. 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如： Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试？ Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？ 4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如： I know (that) he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时） I know (that) he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时） I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时） I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时） 当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如： The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America He told us that where there is a will ,there is a way.5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，当主句的主语是I和we,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式,即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中否定转移。例如： We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 宾语从句专项训练I从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空。1I dont know _ he will come tomorrow_ he comes，Ill tell youAif；Whether Bwhether；WhetherCif；That Dif；If2I dont know _ the day after tomorrowAwhen does he come Bhow will he comeCif he comes Dwhether hell come3Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is？Awhat Bhow Cwhether Dwhere4Could you tell me _ the radio without any help？Ahow did he mend Bwhat did he mendChow he mended Dwhat he mended5I want to know _ Awhom is she looking after Bwhom she is lookingCwhom is she looking Dwhom she is looking after6Do you know where _ now？Ahe lives Bdoes he live Che lived Ddid he live7Do you know what time _ ？Athe train leave Bdoes the train leaveCwill the train leave Dthe train leaves8I dont know _ Can you tell me，please？Ahow the two players are old Bhow old are the two playersCthe two players are how old Dhow old the two players are9The small children dont know _ Awhat is their stockings in Bwhat is in their stockingsCwhere is their stockings in Dwhat in their stockings10I cant understand _ Awhat does Christmas mean Bwhat Christmas does meanCwhat mean Christmas does Dwhat Christmas means11. The girls asked if they _ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. will take12 .Catherine said that she _ to Guangzhou. A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been13. The students want to know whether they_ dictionary today. A. had B. has C. will have D. are14. She asked Linda if_ go and get some. A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may15. Linda said the moon_ round the earth. A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelledII按要求转换句型。1Does MrBrown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？（改写句子）Could you tell us _ MrBrown _ living in China？2“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me（变为复合句）He asked me _ the girl _ some help3Jim is not a studentTom is not a student，either（合并为一个句子）_ Jim _ Tom is a student4When does the train leave？I want to know（改为含宾语从句的复合句）I want to know _ the train _ 5They went home after they had finished their homework（用notuntil改写）They _ go home _ they had finished their homework6Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know（改为含宾语从句的复合句）Li Lei wants to know _ Peter _ here yesterday宾语从句专项训练参考答案：I15DDDCD 610ADDBD11-15 A D C B CII1ifwhether；enjoys 2ifwhether；needed 3Neither；nor 4when；leaves 5didnt；until 6whether；came四、表语从句表语从句 一 定义： A 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。The problem is puzzling.主语 连系动词 形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise.主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句B 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how.He has become a teacher.He has w become hat he wanted to be ten years ago.She has remained there for an hour.She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.His suggestion is good.His suggestion is that we should stay calm.The question is confusing.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.why he cried yesterday.how I can persuade her to join us in the party.whether the enemy is marching towards us. 二 注意：A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.B 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.C that在表语从句中不可以省掉。表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。三、引导表语从句的连系词的种类： 1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，appear等。 China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。 At that time，it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word.当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。 2. 从属连词whether， as if / though引导的表语从句。He looked just as if he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。 3. because，why引导的表语从句。 Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（Thats because强调原因） Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。（Thats why强调结果） what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because. The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。 4. 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever 连接副词 where，when，how，why The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 5. 从属连词that The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。 My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。语法巩固练习：. 单项选择:1.-I drive to Zhu Hai for the air show last week.-Is that _you had a few days off? (NMET1999)A. why B. when C. what D where2. The question is _it is worth visiting.A. if B. as if C. whether D. how3. This is _it happened. A. what B. when C. that D. how4. This is _ the city lies. A. which B. what C. where D. when5. He was ill .That is _he didnt come yesterday.A. when B. why C. how D. that6.He is sleepy. That is _ he didnt sleep well last night. A. when B. why C. how D. because高考预测：1.The problem is _we can master modern science and technology in a short time.A. if B. that C. what D. how2. Doesnt Mr. Smith live on this street? -No .This is _Mr. Brown lives.A. which B. where C. how D. that3. The reason why he has been such a success is _he never gives up.A. what B. where C. how D. that4. what is that building? -_the garden equipment is storedA. Thats where B. There is in whichC. the building is D. Thats the building which5. Our village is no longer _over twenty years ago.A. what was it B. what it wasC. the village what was D. what was the village6. _you are the first one here.A. It seems that as if B. It seems as if thatC. It seems as if D. It seems that as though7. My hope is _he will become a doctor in the future.A. if B. whether C. that D. what8. It was _they used as an advertisement for the shop .A. because B. which C. what D. if9. The question is _ we will have our sports meet next week.A. that B. if C. when D. whether10The reason why he failed is _he was too careless.A. because B. that C. for D. because of11. Go and get your coat. It s _you left itA. where B. there C. there where D. where there12The problem is _to take the place of TedA. who can we get B. what we can getC. who we can get D. that we can get13. What I want to know is _ he likes the gift given by us.A. that B. if C. whether D.不填14. The reason is _I missed the bus.A. that B. when C. why D. what15. That is _ we were late last time. A. that B. when C. why D. what16. She looked _ she were ten years younger.A. that B. like C. as D. as though17.I fell sick!-I think it is _ you are doing too much.A. why B. when C. what D. because18. The reason why he hasnt come is _.A. because his mother is ill B. because of his mothers being illC. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill19. He was born here.- That is _ he likes the place so much.A. that B. what C. why D. how20.That is _ Lu Xun once lived.A. what B. where C. that D. why 五、同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别： that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略） Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略） 编辑本段六、名词性that-从句（1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如： 主语：That she is still alive is her luck.她还活着全靠运气。 宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。 Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that有必要 It is important that重要的是 It is obvious that很明显 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that人们相信 It is known to all that众所周知 It has been decided that已决定 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that是常识 It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that事实是 d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句 It appears that似乎 It happens that碰巧 It occurred to me that我突然想起 编辑本段七、名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如： 主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。 直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。 间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。 表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语：I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。 2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。 编辑本段八、if, whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如： 主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有待证实。 宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。 形容词宾语： Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。 2）选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheror not构成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。 if和whether的区别： 1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如： 例8 I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 2、 在whether or not 的固定搭配中。如： 例9 I want to know whether its good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。 3 、在介词后，只能用whether。如： 例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。 4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如： Whether this is true or not, I really dont know. 这是否真的，我真的不知道。 （例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。此例为主语从句，有误，感谢指出） 5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如： 例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ? 这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道