搬运机械手结构及控制系统设计（全套含CAD图纸）
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搬运
机械手
结构
控制系统
设计
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1英文文献LATHESANDITSCUTTINGPROCESSLATHESAREMACHINETOOLSDESIGNEDPRIMARILYTODOTURNING,FACING,ANDBORINGVERYLITTLETURNINGISDONEONOTHERTYPESOFMACHINETOOLS,ANDNONECANDOITWITHEQUALFACILITYBECAUSELATHESALSOCANDODRILLINGANDREAMING,THEIRVERSATILITYPERMITSSEVERALOPERATIONSTOBEDONEWITHASINGLESETUPOFTHEWORKPIECECONSEQUENTLY,MORELATHESOFVARIOUSTYPESAREUSEDINMANUFACTURINGTHANANYOTHERMACHINETOOLTHEESSENTIALCOMPONENTSOFALATHEARETHEBED,HEADSTOCKASSEMBLY,TAILSTOCKASSEMBLY,CARRIAGEASSEMBLY,ANDTHELEADSCREWANDFEEDRODTHEBEDISTHEBACKBONEOFALATHEITUSUALLYISMADEOFWELLNORMALIZEDORAGEDGRAYORNODULARCASTIRONANDPROVIDESAHEAVY,RIGIDFRAMEONWHICHALLTHEOTHERBASICCOMPONENTSAREMOUNTEDTWOSETSOFPARALLEL,LONGITUDINALWAYS,INNERANDOUTER,ARECONTAINEDONTHEBED,USUALLYONTHEUPPERSIDESOMEMAKERSUSEANINVERTEDVSHAPEFORALLFOURWAYS,WHEREASOTHERSUTILIZEONEINVERTEDVANDONEFIATWAYINONEORBOTHSETSTHEYAREPRECISIONMACHINEDTOASSUREACCURACYOFALIGNMENTONMOSTMODEMLATHESTHEWAYSARESURFACEHARDENEDTORESISTWEARANDABRASION,BUTPRECAUTIONSHOULDBETAKENINOPERATINGALATHETOASSURETHATTHEWAYSARENOTDAMAGEDANYINACCURACYINTHEMUSUALLYMEANSTHATTHEACCURACYOFTHEENTIRELATHEISDESTROYEDTHEHEADSTOCKISMOUNTEDINAFIXEDPOSITIONONTHEINNERWAYS,USUALLYATTHELEFTENDOFTHEBEDITPROVIDESAPOWEREDMEANSOFROTATINGTHEWORKATVARIOUSSPEEDSESSENTIALLY,ITCONSISTSOFAHOLLOWSPINDLE,MOUNTEDINACCURATEBEARINGS,ANDASETOFTRANSMISSIONGEARSSIMILARTOATRUCKTRANSMISSIONTHROUGHWHICHTHESPINDLECANBEROTATEDATANUMBEROFSPEEDSMOSTLATHESPROVIDEFROM8TO18SPEEDS,USUALLYINAGEOMETRICRATIO,ANDONMODEMLATHESALLTHESPEEDSCANBEOBTAINEDMERELYBYMOVINGFROMTWOTOFOURLEVERSANINCREASINGTRENDISTOPROVIDEACONTINUOUSLY2VARIABLESPEEDRANGETHROUGHELECTRICALORMECHANICALDRIVESBECAUSETHEACCURACYOFALATHEISGREATLYDEPENDENTONTHESPINDLE,ITISOFHEAVYCONSTRUCTIONANDMOUNTEDINHEAVYBEATINGS,USUALLYPRELOADEDTAPEREDROLLERORBALLTYPESTHESPINDLEHASAHOLEEXTENDINGTHROUGHITSLENGTH,THROUGHWHICHLONGBARSTOCKCANBEFEDTHESIZEDTHISHOLEISANIMPORTANTDIMENSIONOFALATHEBECAUSEITDETEMTINESTHEMAXIMUMSIZEOFBARSTOCKTHATCANBEMACHINEDWHENTHEMATERIALMUSTBEFEDTHROUGHSPINDLETHETAILSTOCKASSEMBLYCONSISTS,ESSENTIALLY,OFTHREEPARTSALOWERCASTINGFITSONTHEINNERWAYSOFTHEBEDANDCANSLIDELONGITUDINALLYTHEREON,WITHAMEANSFORCLAMPINGTHEENTIREASSEMBLYINANYDESIREDLOCATIONANUPPERCASTINGFITSONTHELOWERONEANDCANBEMOVEDTRANSVERSELYUPONIT,ONSOMETYPEOFKEYEDWAYS,TOPERMITALIGNINGTHETAILSTOCKANDHEADSTOCKSPINDLESTHETHIRDMAJORCOMPONENTOFTHEASSEMBLYISTHETAILSTOCKQUILLTHISISAHOLLOWSTEELCYLINDER,USUALLYABOUT51TO76MM2TO3INCHESINDIAMETER,THATCANBEMOVEDSEVERALINCHESLONGITUDINALLYINANDOUTOFTHEUPPERCASTINGBYMEANSOFAHANDWHEELANDSCREWTHESIZEOFALATHEISDESIGNATEDBYTWODIMENSIONSTHEFIRSTISKNOWNASTHESWINGTHISISTHEMAXIMUMDIAMETEROFWORKTHATCANBEROTATEDONALATHEITISAPPROXIMATELYTWICETHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHELINECONNECTINGTHELATHECENTERSANDTHENEARESTPOINTONTHEWAYSTHESECONDSIZEDIMENSIONISTHEMAXIMUMDISTANCEBETWEENCENTERSTHESWINGTHUSINDICATESTHEMAXIMUMWORKPIECEDIAMETERTHATCANBETURNEDINTHELATHE,WHILETHEDISTANCEBETWEENCENTERSINDICATESTHEMAXIMUMLENGTHOFWORKPIEEETHATCANBEMOUNTEDBETWEENCENTERSENGINELATHESARETHETYPEMOSTFREQUENTLYUSEDINMANUFACTURINGLLLEYAREHEAVYDUTYMACHINETOOLSWITHALLTHECOMPONENTSDESCRIBEDPREVIOUSLYANDHAVEPOWERDRIVEFORALLTOOLMOVEMENTSEXCEPTONTHECOMPOUNDRESTTHEYCOMMONLYRANGEINSIZEFROM305TO610MTN12TO24INCHESSWINGANDFROM610TO1219MM24TO48INCHESCENTERDISTANCES,BUTSWINGSUPTO1270MM50INCHESANDCENTERDISTANCESUPTO3658MM12FEETARENOTTMCOMMONMOSTHAVECHIPPANSANDABUILTINCOOLANTCIRCULATINGSYSTEMSMALLERENGINELATHESWITHSWINGSUSUALLYNOTOVER330MM13INCHESALSOAREAVAILABLEINBENCHTYPE,DESIGNEDFORTHEBEDTOBE3MOUNTEDONABENCHORCABINETALTHOUGHENGINELATHESAREVERSATILEANDVERYUSEFUL,BECAUSEOFTHETIMEREQUIREDFORCHANGINGANDSETTINGTOOLSANDFORMAKINGMEASUREMENTSONTHEWORKPIECE,THEYALENOTSUITABLEFORQUANTITYPRODUCTIONOFTENTHEACTUALCHIPPRODUCTIONTIMEISLESSTHAN30OFTHETOTALCYCLETIMEINADDITION,ASKILLEDMACHINISTISREQUIREDFORALLTHEOPERATIONS,ANDSUCHPERSONSARECOSTLYANDOFTENINSHORTSUPPLYHOWEVER,MUCHOFTHEOPERATORSTIMEISCONSUMEDBYSIMPLE,REPETITIOUSADJUSTMENTSANDINWATCHINGCHIPSBEINGMADECONSEQUENTLY,TOREDUCEORELIMINATETHEAMOUNTOFSKILLEDLABORTHATISREQUIRED,TURRETLATHES,SCREWMACHINES,ANDOTHERTYPESOFSEMIAUTOMATICANDAUTOMATICLATHESHAVEBEENHIGHLYDEVELOPEDANDAREWIDELYUSEDINMANUFACTURINGTHEENGINELATHE,ONEOFTHEOLDESTMETALREMOVALMACHINES,HASANUMBEROFUSEFULANDHIGHLYDESIRABLEATTRIBUTESTODAYTHESELATHESAREUSEDPRIMARILYINSMALLSHOPSWHERESMALLERQUANTITIESRATHERTHANLARGEPRODUCTIONRUNSAREENCOUNTEREDTHEENGINELATHEHASBEENREPLACEDINTODAYSPRODUCTIONSHOPSBYAWIDEVARIETYOFAUTOMATICLATHESSUCHASAUTOMATICTRACERLATHES,TURRETLATHES,ANDAUTOMATICSCREWMACHINESALLTHEADVANTAGESOFSINGLEPOINTTOOLINGFORMAXIMUMMETALREMOVAL,ANDTHEUSEOFFORMTOOLSFORFINISHANDACCURACY,ARENOWATTHEDESIGNERSFINGERTIPSWITHPRODUCTIONSPEEDSONAPARWITHTHEFASTESTPROCESSINGEQUIPMENTONTHESCENETODAYTOLERANCESFORTHEENGINELATHEDEPENDPRIMARILYONTHESKILLOFTHEOPERATORTHEDESIGNENGINEERMUSTBECAREFULINUSINGTOLERANCESOFANEXPERIMENTALPARTTHATHASBEENPRODUCEDONTHEENGINELATHEBYASKILLEDOPERATORINREDESIGNINGANEXPERIMENTALPARTFORPRODUCTION,ECONOMICALTOLERANCESSHOULDBEUSEDPRODUCTIONMACHININGEQUIPMENTMUSTBEEVALUATEDNOW,MORETHANEVERBEFORE,INTERMSOFABILITYTOREPEATACCURATELYANDRAPIDLYAPPLYINGTHISCRITERIONFORESTABLISHINGTHEPRODUCTIONQUALIFICATIONOFASPECIFICMETHOD,THETURRETLATHEMERITSAHIGHRATINGINDESIGNINGFORLOWQUANTITIESSUCHAS100OR200PARTS,ITISMOSTECONOMICALTOUSETHETURRETLATHEINACHIEVINGTHEOPTIMUMTOLERANCESPOSSIBLEONTHETURRETLATHE,THEDESIGNERSHOULDSTRIVEFORAMINIMUMOFOPERATIONS4GENERALLY,AUTOMATICSCREWMACHINESFALLINTOSEVERALCATEGORIESSINGLESPINDLEAUTOMATICS,MULTIPLESPINDLEAUTOMATICSANDAUTOMATICCHUCKINGMACHINESORIGINALLYDESIGNEDFORRAPID,AUTOMATICPRODUCTIONOFSCREWSANDSIMILARTHREADEDPANS,THEAUTOMATICSCREWMACHINEHASLONGSINCEEXCEEDEDTHECONFINESOFTHISNARROWFIELD,ANDTODAYPLAYSAVITALROLEINTHEMASSPRODUCTIONOFAVARIETYOFPRECISIONPARTSQUANTITIESPLAYANIMPORTANTPMTINTHEECONOMYOFTHEPARTSMACHINEDONTHEAUTOMATICSCREWMACHINEQUANTITIESLESSTHAN1000PARTSMAYBEMOREECONOMICALTOSETUPONTHETURRETLATHETHANONTHEAUTOMATICSCREWMACHINETHECOSTOFTHEPANSMACHINEDCANBEREDUCEDIFTHEMINIMUMECONOMICALLOTSIZEISCALCULATEDANDTHEPROPERMACHINEISSELECTEDFORTHESEQUANTITIESSINCESURFACEROUGHNESSDEPENDSGREATLYUPONMATERIALTUMED,TOOLING,ANDFEEDSANDSPEEDSEMPLOYED,MINIMUMTOLERANCESTHATCANBEHELDONAUTOMATICTRACERLATHESARENOTNECESSARILYTHEMOSTECONOMICALTOLERANCESINSOMECASES,TOLERANCESOF005MMAREHELDINCONTINUOUSPRODUCTIONUSINGBUTONECUTGROOVEWIDTHCANBEHELDTO0125MMONSOMEPARTSBORESANDSINGLEPOINTFINISHESCANBEHELDTO00125MMONHIGHPRODUCTIONRUNSWHEREMAXIMUMOUTPUTISDESIRABLE,AMINIMMNTOLERANCEOF0125MMISECONOMICALONBOTHDIAMETERANDLENGTHOFTURNMETALCUTTINGPROCESSESAREEXTENSIVELYUSEDINTHEMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYTHEYARECHARACTERIZEDBYTHEFACTTHATTHESIZEOFTHEORIGINALWORKPIEEEISSUFFICIENTLYLARGETHATTHEFINALGEOMETRYCANBECIRCUMSCRIBEDBYIT,ANDTHATTHEUNWANTEDMATERIALISREMOVEDASCHIPS,PARTICLES,ANDSOONTHECHIPSAREANECESSARYMEANSTOOBTAINTHEDESIREDTOLERANCES,ANDSURFACESTHEAMOUNTOFSCRAPMAYVARYFROMAFEWPERCENTTO7080OFTHEVOLUMEOFTHEORIGINALWORKMATERIALOWINGTOTHERATHERPOORMATERIALUTILIZATIONOFTHEMETALCUTTINGPROCESSES,THEANTICIPATEDSCARCITYOFMATERIALSANDENERGY,ANDINCREASINGCOSTS,THEDEVELOPMENTINTHELASTDECADEHASBEENDIRECTEDTOWARDANINCREASINGAPPLICATIONOFMETALFORMINGPROCESSESHOWEVER,DIECOSTSANDTHECAPITALCOSTOFMACHINESREMAINRATHERHIGHCONSEQUENTLY,METALCUTTINGPROCESSESARE,INMANYCASES,THEMOSTECONOMICAL,INSPITEOFTHEHIGHMATERIALWASTE,WHICHONLYHASVALUEASSCRAPTHEREFORE,ITMUSTBE5EXPECTEDTHATTHEMATERIALREMOVALPROCESSESWILLFORTHENEXTFEWYEARSMAINTAINTHEIRIMPORTANTPOSITIONINMANUFACTURINGFURTHERMORE,THEDEVELOPMENTOFAUTOMATEDPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSHASPROGRESSEDMORERAPIDLYFORMETALCUTTINGPROCESSESTHANFORMETALFORMINGPROCESSESINMETALCUTTINGPROCESSES,THEIMPRINTINGOFINFORMATIONISCARRIEDOUTBYARIGIDMEDIUMOFTRANSFERTHETOOL,WHICHISMOVEDRELATIVETOTHEWORKPIECE,ANDTHEMECHANICALENERGYISSUPPLIEDTHROUGHTHETOOLTHEFINALGEOMETRYISTHUSDETERMINEDFROMTHEGEOMETRYOFTHETOOLANDTHEPATTEMOFMOTIONSOFTHETOOLANDTHEWORKPIECETHEBASICPROCESSISMECHANICALACTUALLY,ASHEARINGACTIONCOMBINEDWITHFRACTUREASMENTIONEDPREVIOUSLY,THEUNWANTEDMATERIALINMETALCUTTINGPROCESSESISREMOVEDBYARIGIDCUTTINGTOOL,SOTHATTHEDESIREDGEOMETRY,TOLERANCES,ANDSURFACEFINISHAREOBTAINEDEXAMPLESOFPROCESSESINTHISGROUPARETURNING,DRILLING,REAMING,MILLING,SHAPING,PLANING,BROACHING,GRINDING,HONING,ANDLAPPINGMOSTOFTHECUTTINGORMACHININGPROCESSESAREBASEDONATW,DIMENSIONALSURFACECREATION,WHICHMEANSTHATTWORELATIVEMOTIONSARENECESSARYBETWEENTHECUTTINGTOOLANDTHEWORKMATERIALTHESEMOTIONSAREDEFINEDASTHEPRIMARYMOTION,WHICHMAINLYDETERMINESTHECUTTINGSPEED,ANDTHEFEEDMOTION,WHICHPROVIDESTHECUTTINGZONEWITHNEWMATERIALINTURNINGTHEPRIMARYMOTIONISPROVIDEDBYTHEROTATIONOFTHEWORKPIECE,ANDINPLANINGITISPROVIDEDBYTHETRANSLATIONOFTHETABLEINTURNINGTHEFEEDMOTIONISACONTINUOUSTRANSLATIONOFTHETOOL,ANDINPLANINGITISANINTERMITTENTTRANSLATIONOFTHETOOLTHECUTTINGSPEEDVISTHEINSTANTANEOUSVELOCITYOFTHEPRIMARYMOTIONOFTHETOOLRELATIVETOTHEWORKPIEEEATASELECTEDPOINTONTHECUTTINGEDGETHECUTTINGSPEEDFORTURNING,DRILLING,ANDMILLINGPROCESSESCANBEEXPRESSEDASVDNM/MINWHEREVISTHECUTTINGSPEEDINM/MIN,DTHEDIAMETEROFTHEWORKPIECETOBECUTINMETERS,ANDNTHEWORKPIECEORSPINDLEROTATIONINREV/MINTHUSV,D,ANDNMAYRELATETOTHEWORKMATERIALORTHETOOL,DEPENDINGONTHESPECIFICKINEMATICPATTERNINGRINDINGTHECUTTINGSPEEDISNORMALLYMEASUREDINM/S6THEFEEDMOTIONFISPROVIDEDTOTHETOOLORTHEWORKPIECEAND,WHENADDEDTOTHEPRIMARYMOTION,LEADSTOAREPEATEDORCONTINUOUSCHIPREMOVALANDTHECREATIONOFTHEDESIREDMACHINEDSURFACETHEMOTIONMAYPROCEEDBYSTEPSORCONTINUOUSLYTHEFEEDSPEEDVFISDEFINEDASTHEINSTANTANEOUSVELOCITYOFTHEFEEDMOTIONRELATIVETOTHEWORKPIECEATASELECTEDPOINTONTHECUTTINGEDGEFORMININGANDDRILLING,THEFEEDFISMEASUREDPERREVOLUTIONMM/REVOFTHEWORKPIECEORTHETOOLFORPLANINGANDSHAPINGFISMEASUREDPERSTROKEMM/STROKEOFTHETOOLORTHEWORKPIECEINMININGTHEFEEDISMEASUREDPERTOOTHOFTHECUTTERFZMM/TOOTHTHATIS,FZISTHEDISPLACEMENTOFTHEWORKPIECEBETWEENTHECUTTINGACTIONOFTWOSUCCESSIVETEETHTHEFEEDSPEEDVFMM/RAINOFTHETABLEISTHEREFORETHEPRODUCTOFTHENUMBEROFTEETHZOFTHECUTTER,THEREVOLUTIONSPERMINUTEOFTHECUTTERN,ANDTHEFEEDPERTOOTHVFNZFZAPLANECONTAININGTHEDIRECTIONSOFTHEPRIMARYMOTIONANDTHEFEEDMOTIONISDEFINEDASTHEWORKINGPLANE,SINCEITCONTAINSTHEMOTIONSRESPONSIBLEFORTHECUTTINGACTIONINTURNINGTHEDEPTHOFCUTASOMETIMESALSOCALLEDBACKENGAGEMENTISTHEDISTANCETHATTHECUTTINGEDGEENGAGESORPROJECTSBELOWTHEORIGINALSURFACEOFTHEWORKPIECETHEDEPTHOFCUTDETERMINESTHEFINALDIMENSIONSOFTHEWORKPIECEINTAMING,WITHANAXIALFEED,THEDEPTHOFCUTISADIRECTMEASUREOFTHEDECREASEINRADIUSOFTHEWORKPIECEANDWITHRADIALFEEDTHEDEPTHOFCUTISEQUALTOTHEDECREASEINTHELENGTHOFWORKPIECEINDRILLING,THEDEPTHOFCUTISEQUALTOTHEDIAMETEROFTHEDRILLFORMILLING,THEDEPTHOFCUTISDEFINEDASTHEWORKINGENGAGEMENTAEANDISTHERADIALENGAGEMENTOFTHECUTTERTHEAXIALENGAGEMENTBACKENGAGEMENTOFTHECUTTERISCALLEDAPTHECHIPTHICKNESSHIINTHEUNDEFORMEDSTATEISTHETHICKNESSOFTHECHIPMEASUREDPERPENDICULARTOTHECUTTINGEDGEANDINAPLANEPERPENDICULARTOTHEDIRECTIONOFCUTTINGTHECHIPTHICKNESSAFTERCUTTINGIE,THEACTUALCHIPTHICKNESSH2ISLARGERTHANTHEUNDEFORMEDCHIPTHICKNESS,WHICHMEANSTHATTHECUTTINGRATIOORCHIPTHICKNESSRATIORH1/H2ISALWAYSLESSTHANUNITYCHIPWIDTHTHECHIPWIDTHBINTHETMDEFORMEDSTATEISTHEWIDTHOFTHECHIP7MEASUREDALONGTHECUTTINGEDGEINAPLANEPERPENDICULARTOTHEDIRECTIONOFCUTTINGFORSINGLEPOINTTOOOPERATIONS,THEAREAOFCUTAISTHEPRODUCTOFTHEUNDEFORMEDCHIPTHICKNESSHLANDTHECHIPWIDTHBIE,AH1BTHEAREAOFCUTCANALSOBEEXPRESSEDBYTHEFEEDFANDTHEDEPTHOFCUTAASFOLLOWSH1FSINKANDBA/SINKWHEREKISTHEMAJORCUTTINGEDGEANGLEIE,THEANGLETHATTHECUTTINGEDGEFORMSWITHTHEWORKINGPLANECONSEQUENTLY,THEAREAOFCUTISGIVENBYAFA中文翻译车床及其切削加工车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工8件在一次安装中完成几种加工。因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。车床的基本部件有床身、主轴箱组件、尾架组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。床身是车床的基础件。它通常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铸铁制成。它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖顶朝上的三角形导轨即山形导轨，而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。导轨要经过精密加工，以保证其直线度精度。为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的，但是在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。导轨上的任何误差，常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供动力，并可使工件在各种速度下回转。它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮类似于卡车变速箱一所组成。通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多种转速下旋转。大多数车床有818种转速，一般按等比级数排列。而且在现代机床上只需扳动24个手柄，就能得到全部转速。一种正在不断增长的趋势是通过电气的或者机械的装置进行无级变速。由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。主轴中有一个贯穿全长的通孔，长棒料可以通过该孔送料。主轴孔的大小是车床的一个重要尺寸，因为当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时，它确定了能够加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。尾架组件主要由三部分组成。底板与床身的内侧导轨配合，并可以在导轨上做纵向移动。底板上有一个可以使整个尾架组件夹紧在任意位置上的装置。尾架体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾架能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。尾架的第三个组成部分是尾架套筒。它是一个直径通常大约在5176MM23英寸之间的钢制空心圆柱体。通过手轮和螺杆，尾架套筒可以在尾架体中纵向移人和移出几英寸。车床的规格用两个尺寸表示。第一个称为车床床面上最大加工直径。这是9在车床上能够旋转的工件的最大直径。它大约是两顶尖连线与导轨上最近点之间距离的两倍。第二个规格尺寸是两顶尖之间的最大距离。车床床面上最大加工直径表示在车床上能够车削的最大工件直径，而两顶尖之间的最大距离则表示在两个顶尖之间能够安装的工件的最大长度。普通车床是生产中最经常使用的车床种类。它们是具有前面所叙述的所有那些部件的重载机床，并且除了小刀架之外，全部刀具的运动都有机动进给。它们的规格通常是车床床面上最大加工直径为305610MM1224英寸；两顶尖之间距离为6101219MM2448英寸。但是，床面上最大加工直径达到1270MM50英寸和两顶尖之间距离达到3658MM12英尺的车床也并不少见。这些车床大部分都有切屑盘和一个安装在内部的冷却液循环系统。小型的普通车床车床床面最大加工直径一般不超过330MM13英寸被设计成台式车床，其床身安装在工作台或柜子上。虽然普通车床有很多用途，是很有用的机床，但是更换和调整刀具以及测量工件花费很多时间，所以它们不适合在大量生产中应用。通常，它们的实际加工时间少于其总加工时间的30。此外，需要技术熟练的工人来操作普通车床，这种工人的工资高而且很难雇到。然而，操作工人的大部分时间却花费在简单的重复调整和观察切屑产生过程上。因此，为了减少或者完全不雇用这类熟练工人，六角车床、螺纹加工车床和其他类型的半自动和自动车床已经很好地研制出来，并已经在生产中得到广泛应用。普通车床作为最早的金属切削机床中的一种，目前仍然有许多有用的和为人们所需要的特性。现在，这些机床主要用在规模较小的工厂中，进行小批量的生产，而不是进行大批量的生产。在现代的生产车间中，普通车床已经被种类繁多的自动车床所取代，诸如自动仿形车床，六角车床和自动螺丝车床。现在，设计人员已经熟知先利用单刃刀具去除大量的金属余量，然后利用成型刀具获得表面光洁度和精度这种加工方法的优点。这种加工方法的生产速度与现在工厂中使用的最快的加工设备的速度相等。普通车床的加工偏差主要依赖于操作者的技术熟练程度。设计工程师应该认真地确定由熟练工人在普通车床上加工的试验零件的公差。在把试验零件重10新设计为生产零件时，应该选用经济的公差。对生产加工设备来说，目前比过去更着重评价其是否具有精确的和快速的重复加工能力。应用这个标准来评价具体的加工方法，六角车床可以获得较高的质量评定。在为小批量的零件100200件设计加工方法时，采用六角车床是最经济的。为了在六角车床上获得尽可能小的公差值，设计人员应该尽量将加工工序的数目减至最少。自动螺丝车床通常被分为以下几种类型单轴自动、多轴自动和自动夹紧车床。自动螺丝车床最初是被用来对螺钉和类似的带有螺纹的零件进行自动化和快速加工的。但是，这种车床的用途早就超过了这个狭窄的范围。现在，它在许多种类的精密零件的大批量生产中起着重要的作用。工件的数量对采用自动螺丝车床所加工的零件的经济性有较大的影响。如果工件的数量少于1000件，在六角车床上进行加工比在自动螺丝车床上加工要经济得多。如果计算出最小经济批量，并且针对工件批量正确地选择机床，就会降低零件的加工成本。因为零件的表面粗糙度在很大程度上取决于工件材料、刀具、进给量和切削速度，采用自动仿形车床加工所得到的最小公差不一定是最经济的公差。在某些情况下，在连续生产过程中，只进行一次切削加工时的公差可以达到005MM。对于某些零件，槽宽的公差可以达到0125MM。镗孔和采用单刃刀具进行精加工时，公差可达到00125MM。在希望获得最大产量的大批量生产中，进行直径和长度的车削时的最小公差值为土0125MM是经济的。金属切削加工在制造业中得到了广泛的应用。其特点是工件在加工前具有足够大的尺寸，可以将工件最终的几何形状尺寸包容在里面。不需要的材料以切屑、颗粒等形式被去除掉。去除切屑是获得所要求的工件几何形状，尺寸公差和表面质量的必要手段。切屑量多少不一，可能占加工前工件体积的百分之几到7080不等。由于在金属切削加工中，材料的利用率相当低，加之预测到材料和能源的短缺以及成本的增加，最近十年来，金属成形加工的应用越来越多。然而，由于金属成形加工的模具成本和设备成本仍然很高，因此尽管金属切削加工的材11料消耗较高，在许多情况下，它们仍然是最经济的。由此可以预料，在最近几年内，金属切削加工在制造业中仍将占有重要的位置。而且，金属切削加工的自动生产系统的发展要比金属成形加工的自动生产系统的发展要快得多。在金属切削加工中，信息的传递是通过刚性传递介质刀具实现的。刀具相对工件运动，机械能通过刀具作用于工件。因此，刀具的几何形状和刀具与工件的运动方式决定了工件的最终形状。这个基本过程是机械过程实际上是一个剪切与断裂相结合的过程。如前所
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