新托福阅读TPO.doc

Tpo24Lake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious. 河水的来源和去向个人收集整理 勿做商业用途The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word net: measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference. 如何定义流入和流出河流的水量个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lakes flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated. 区分“地面水源河”和“地下水源河”个人收集整理 勿做商业用途By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lakes residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time. 引入“水源停留时间”的概念个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Eries is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average. 每条河流的水源停留时间是不同的个人收集整理 勿做商业用途A given lakes residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life).The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake. 水源停留时间取决于河流入水率，也就是降水和蒸发的比率个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Paragraphy1: Where does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途1.The phrase So much in the passage refers tothe negative effects of overland flow, rain, and evaporation on river water levels个人收集整理 勿做商业用途water that a lake loses to outflowing rivers, to the lake bed, and to evaporation个人收集整理 勿做商业用途the importance of rivers to the maintenance of lake water levels个人收集整理 勿做商业用途the information given about ways that water can enter or exit a lake个人收集整理 勿做商业用途指代题解析：指代题按照前指原则，答案必定在so much的前面一句话，而段落的首句就是在询问湖水的来源和去向，接着后面两句就分别讲到湖水的来源：河流流入，地下水，地面径流和雨水；以及去向：河流流出，渗透到河床和蒸发；所以so much is obvious 指的是前面关于湖水的来源和去向的信息，选4个人收集整理 勿做商业用途核心词汇: overland flow 地面水流，outflowing river 外流河Paragraph 2: The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word net: measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途2.The word gains in the passage is closest in meaning to results个人收集整理 勿做商业用途increasesresourcessavings词汇题解析：此题运用的是词汇题中的并列关系法，看到原句：Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. 这里是gains 和loses的并列，我们知道gain指的是“获取”的意思，所以可以直接排除1,4选项，在徘徊于2,3选项时，发现了和loses并列，所以可以直接反推出1选项个人收集整理 勿做商业用途核心词汇：discharge 释放，流出；rain gauge 雨量测量仪；seep into 渗入；leak into 泄露，渗出；个人收集整理 勿做商业用途3.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake? Heavy rain accounts for most of the water that enters into lakes.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Rainfall replaces approximately the amount of water lost through evaporation.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Overland flow into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Seepage has a smaller effect on water level than any other input.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途推断题：infer定位词： The movement of water into lake解析：既然是推断题，那么肯定要从原文的某句话推出来，而并非直接指出的，通读全文定位到The movement of water into lake；原文说：For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. 也就是说对于大多数被树木围绕的湖水而言，地面水的补给太少以至于效果不显著。从这句话可以推断出树木的存在使得地面水流入湖水的量减少了，选3个人收集整理 勿做商业用途核心词汇：Seepage 渗流4.Why does the author use the phrase Note the word net in the passage?个人收集整理 勿做商业用途To emphasize the impact of seepage on water levels个人收集整理 勿做商业用途To point out that seepage is calculated differently from river flows and atmospheric exchanges个人收集整理 勿做商业用途To compare the different methods of calculating seepage个人收集整理 勿做商业用途To emphasize the difficulty of obtaining specific values for seepage inputs and outputs个人收集整理 勿做商业用途修辞目的题定位词：net解析：对于修辞目的题，一般答案常出现在定位词的前一句话，当前一句话找不到信息时，可以看看后一句话是否出现答题点；前一句话：Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. 在叙述如果河水流入和大气的交换方式不能解释水平面的变化，那么就肯定源于地下水渗入和湖水渗出的不同关系网络；前一句话并没有明确指出信息，我们继续看后一句话：Note the word net: measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference. 注意到“net”，衡量地下水渗入湖水和渗出的水量是相当繁琐的一个过程，比指出他们的不同要复杂的多。这里强调测量具体数值的困难，选4个人收集整理 勿做商业用途核心词汇：specific value 特定量Paragraphy3: Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lakes flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途5.The word Conversely meaning to on the other hand个人收集整理 勿做商业用途in the same wayin other wordson average词汇题解析：该段提出了两种河流，一种是地面水源湖，一个是地下水源湖；将诶这举出连个例子来说明这两种不同水源湖的特性，既然前面是解释地面水源湖，后面是解释地下水源湖的例子，肯定两者之间存在转折，因为是来自不同水源的湖，所以选项一定是具有“转折”意义的词汇，选1个人收集整理 勿做商业用途核心词汇：conversely 相反地；6.According to paragraph 3, which of the following best describes a seepage-dominated lake? A lake that is fed by streams but still has fluctuating water levels个人收集整理 勿做商业用途A lake with a constant water level that has no streams or rivers as inputs个人收集整理 勿做商业用途A lake with a stream flowing into it and a stream flowing out of it个人收集整理 勿做商业用途A lake that has surface and underground inputs but loses water during dry seasons个人收集整理 勿做商业用途细节题定位词：a seepage-dominated lake解析：找到原文对应定位词：it becomes possible to judge whether a lakes flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. “a seepage-dominated lake”指的是它的水源来自于地下的补给，那么选项一定要和地下水源有关跟地面溪流无关，只能选2个人收集整理 勿做商业用途核心词汇：constant 不变的，恒定的；fluctuating 变动的；Paragraphy4: By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lakes residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途7.It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake depends entirely upon the average speed of a lake s currents个人收集整理 勿做商业用途can be measured by the volume of the lake alonecan be greater or lesser than the residence timeis similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lake个人收集整理 勿做商业用途推断题定位词：length of time解析：原文没有直说湖水中的流入水的滞留时间，但是说到了“residence time”的定义：The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average. “residence time”是湖水中流入水的滞留时间的平均值，也就是说一半的滞留时间可能比“residence time”长也可能比它短，选3个人收集整理 勿做商业用途核心词汇： residence time 滞留时间；molecule 分子；volume 体积，量；Paragraphy5: Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Eries is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途8.According to paragraph 5, Lake Eries residence time is lower than Lake Ontarios for which of the following reasons?个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Lake Erie has a larger area than Lake Ontario.Lake Ontario is shallower than Lake Erie.Lake Ontario has a greater volume than Lake Erie.Lake Erie receives less rainfall than Lake Ontario.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途细节题定位词：Lake Erie解析：用定位词定位到原文：Lake Eries is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average. 伊利湖比安大略湖的滞留时间要短，因为它的水量只有安大略湖的1/3，平均浅度不超过20米。有的同学看到伊犁湖很浅，就选2，其实仔细看2选项把顺序说反了，所以只能选3选项个人收集整理 勿做商业用途9.Why does the author discuss the Great Lakes in paragraph 5?个人收集整理 勿做商业用途To demonstrate the extent to which residence times vary from lake to lake个人收集整理 勿做商业用途To illustrate how residence times are calculated for specific lakes个人收集整理 勿做商业用途To argue that the residence time of a lake increases with area个人收集整理 勿做商业用途To emphasize that Lake Tahoe s residence time is unusually long个人收集整理 勿做商业用途修辞目的题定位词：Great Lakes解析：用定位词定位到原句，之前说到修辞目的题答案常出现在定位词的前一句话，如果前一句话找不到答案就看段落的首句，如果首句也没有信息就看段落的末句。原句我们可以看出有很多的数字表示滞留的时间，数字表明是举例子，也就是通篇都是例子，那么我们只能去找段落的首句提出的观点：Residence times vary enormously.也就是整段都在用例子证明滞留的时间是不同的，选1个人收集整理 勿做商业用途paragraph 6: A given lakes residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life). The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途10. the word “further” in the passage is the closest in meaning to个人收集整理 勿做商业用途 expected additional serious unfortunate词汇题解析：further本身表达的是“更深一层”的意思，也就是不止本身，选2表达“此外，额外”的意思11.According to paragraph 6, which of the following explains the increase in residence northwestern Ontario?个人收集整理 勿做商业用途The amount of water flowing into the lakes has increased.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途The rate of evaporation has decreased more sharply than the amount of rainfall.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途The renewal of the lakes water has slowed due to changes in climate.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Plants have required less water from the lakes.细节题定位词：increase in residence northwestern Ontario解析：找到定位词所在的原句：Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. 也就是说安大略湖西北部的湖水滞留时间的改变是受到气候变化的影响，选3个人收集整理 勿做商业用途核心词汇：renewal 更新；sharply 急剧地；evapotranspiration 蒸散；by no means 决不个人收集整理 勿做商业用途12.According to paragraph 6, residence time is affected by all of the following EXCEPT amount of rainfall rate of evaporation temperature of surrounding air个人收集整理 勿做商业用途concentration of chemicals in lake water排除题定位词：residence time is affected by解析：找到原文中跟affect相关的词汇：It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. 滞留时间依赖于雨水和蒸发率，所以1,2正确；根据11题可以知道气温也是影响因素之一3也对，而4选项对应的原文是正阳说的：The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake. 湖水更新速度减缓后使得没有溶解的花絮物质聚集，从而影响湖水的生物，跟滞留时间完全没关系，选4个人收集整理 勿做商业用途核心词汇：dissolved 无法溶解的，marked 显著的Paragraphy3: Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lakes flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated. 个人收集整理 勿做商业用途13.Look at the four squares III that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Of course, a lake may be