简单句复合句C.doc

Simple sentences (简单句)【内容讲解】简单句一般只有一个主语和一个动词结构。简单句可以有单一的或多个并列主语,也可以有单一的或多个谓语动词。【范例分析】（1）The city was destroyed by the earthquake. 例（1）只有一个主语和一个谓语动词。（2）His teeth and his eyes hurt. 例（2）有两个主语和一个谓语动词。（3）The factory chimney smoked and polluted the air.例（3）有一个主语和两个谓语动词。（4）Tom and Finn went into the forest and collected mushrooms. 例（4）有两个主语和两个谓语动词。【重点难点】1）我们可以把一个简单句加上修饰语或其他成分来使简单句变长，但它的基本结构不变，仍为简单句。例：The banners fluttered gaily.The colored banners fluctuated gaily in the breeze.The brightly colored banners fluctuated gaily in the early morning breeze.Waving on high, the brightly colored banners fluctuated gaily in the early morning breeze.2）简单句的基本结构类型有：主语谓语（宾语）eg: Learning a foreign language takes both practice and patience.主语谓语（宾语）介词词组作状语（prep.+n.）eg: They used to get to school half an hour before class.主语谓语（宾语）不定式作状语（to do sth.）eg: I am pleased to be here on this occasion to congratulate you on your success.To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.主语谓语（宾语）现在分词过去分词作状语eg: He decided to return to China, not knowing a word of French.As walking down the corridor, I heard my quite footsteps distinctly.主语谓语（宾语）独立主格结构（ n./ pron.+ doing/done/to do sth. /adj./adv.）eg: All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys being encouraged to go to school.Her face black from the sun, she came back from the countryside.The soldier stood still, his lips slightly moving.The policeman was searching the house, gun in hand.He rode along, his dog running and baking after him.3）简单句可以表示：（1） 陈述：例 Mr. Brown teaches this class.（2） 问题：例 Do you understand me?（3） 命令或请求：例 Open the window. Please help me with my homework.（4） 感叹：例 How clever you are!4）避免一串短简单句使用一连串短简单句会令人乏味，同时也说明你的写作文体是不成熟的。为了避免这一问题出现，可用不同的并列分句和从句来连接句子。一定要把最重要的思想放在主句里，并保留一两句短句以达到突出重点和句式多样化的目的。Compound sentences(并列句)【内容讲解】并列句是由两个以上的简单句合并而成的句子，通常用连接词和逗号进行连接。连接后的简单句具有同等重要的意义，连接词被称为并列连词和连接副词。常用的并列连词有and, or, nor, for, so, but.常用的连接副词有however, therefore, moreover, then, accordingly, nonetheless, besides, indeed, otherwise, thus, consequently, likewise, furthermore, meanwhile, nevertheless, hence. 【范例分析】 John won the bronze medal in figure skating, but Jack won the silver. My middle-aged body is sore; my middle-aged face is wrinkled. Peter was ill, so I went in his place. We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families. We have won great victories, yet we have a lot more to do. John won the bronze medal on figure skating; however, Jack won the silver. I cannot follow your advice; nevertheless, thank you for giving it. I found a bucket, out it in the sink (,) and turned the tap on.从上述的例句中我们可以看出并列句结构均匀，能体现语言的均衡美。在并列连词前用逗号，在连接副词前用分号如例, 。在两个分句关系特别紧密时，可不用任何连接词，用一个分号将其分开，如例。连词and前的逗号可要可不要，如例上面的五个句子都是掉尾句，中心意思都放在了句末，只有读完才能明白全句的意思，使读者产生一种期待效应。例句1是由that引导的从句作真实主语，例句2主句前有两个介词短语作状语，例句3主句放在让步状语从句后，例句4的主句前有两个介词短语（后一个还包括由that引导的定语从句）以及一个由for引导的原因状语从句修饰。 例句5的主语后接了三个同位语。掉尾句的特点是把整句的主要部分（如复合句的主句或主句的主要部分）置于末尾处，形成整句的高潮，从而达到突出该部分内容的目的，所以，掉尾句属于一种修辞强调句。因此我们把掉尾句看成是比较正式的书面语，结构上没有固定模式，多数情况下是把较长的状语提前，而把较短的主句留到最后。 【重点难点】（1） 并列句的结构：独立分句（independence clause）+并列连词（coordinating conjunction）+独立分句（independence clause）（2） 并列句的常用并列连词（coordinating conjunction）可分为四组： the AND group（表示并列关系的连词）例： I like English and he likes French.Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.The car was almost new; furthermore,/ besides,/likewise,/moreover,/again, it was in excellent condition.Roads were flooded, and entire homes were washed away.George applied for a scholarship, and Diana has requested financial aid. the BUT group（表示转折关系的连词）例： The coat was thin but it was warm. The car was quite cold; yet/still/however/nevertheless it was in excellent condition.In spite of /Despite/notwithstanding (虽然) its age, the car was in excellent condition.The car quite old; despite that it was in excellent condition.The firemen fought hard, yet they could not save the building. the OR group（表示选择关系的连词）例： You must work hard, or you will fail in the final exam.Either your answer or mine is wrong.Neither you nor I am to blame.Many students do not like to study for tests, nor do they like to write term papers.Students may live in the dormitories, or they may live in off-campus housing.the SO group（表示因果关系的连词）例： Foreign students must take English class, for they must be able to communicate easily in speaking and writing.The rain began to fall, so we went home.We worked until six; then we went home.He broke the rules of the school; therefore/so/consequently/accordingly he had to leave.The book has upset many readers in the area, for the author satirizes the inhabitants pretensions.（3） 在并列句中，通常在连接两个分句的并列连词前加逗号将分句分开，但下面情况例外。 当两个分句特别短时，逗号可以省掉。例： I went to his house and he came to mine. 如果独立分句内部有逗号，并列连词前就用分号。 例： During the heavy storm in February 16,1995, no drivers could reach home; nor could pedestrians make their way through the drifts piling up on sidewalks and in alleys. 有时并列句也可以不用连词，而用分号将分句分开。例： No one is born with knowledge; knowledge must be taught and learned.（4） 在并列句中，连接副词和并列连词一样可以用来连接两个分句并表明分句间的逻辑关系。连接性副词通常用在较正式的文体中连接长分句。用连接性副词连接的分句构成并列句结构如下：独立分句（independent clause）；+连接性副词(conjunctive adverbs)，+独立分句(independent clause) （5）连接分句的连接性副词（conjunctive adverbs）主要有： 用besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等表示递进关系例例： The river sustains many forms of wildlife; in addition, it provides children with a safe place to swim. 用likewise, similarly, in the same way等表示“相同”的意思例例： You must pack plenty of food for the journey; likewise, you will need warm clothes, so pack them. 用however, nevertheless, still, instead, in contrast, on the other hand, otherwise, on the contrary等表示转折和让步关系例例： Many junior college do not provide dormitories; however, they provide housing referral services. 用accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, as a result等表示因果关系例例： You can receive individual guidance from your counselor; therefore, you should take advantage of this service. 用 for example, in fact, for instance等表示强调和说明例例： The center offers a variety of exhibits and events; for example, just last week students could see paintings by French Impressionists, attend a performance of Othello, and hear music by Mozart. 用meanwhile, then, subsequently, afterwards, earlier, later等表示先后关系例例： They will be here in 15 minutes; meanwhile, we will have some coffee.（6）避免一串并列句： 使用一连串并列句并不比使用一连串简单句好多少。可以通过把主句变成从句或从属短语，或把主句分开变成独立句子的方法使句式达到多样化，突出中心思想；同时，如果发现过多地使用了并列连词如“and”、“but”、“so”等，可以用分号，或者分号加连接副词来代替并列连词。考试题中对并列句中的考核往往是要求考生把简单句变为并列句。这时，要在两个意义同等重要的简单句中间加逗号和连词。eg: 一串并列句开头：Carol and Ross enjoy going to the beach, but when they are there, they behave very differently. Carol has fair skin and cannot stay in the sun for long, but Ross is dark-skinned and can stay outdoors all day without burning. Carol is not a good swimmer and she cannot fight the strong waves and ocean currents. Ross is an excellent athlete and a fine swimmer, and she enjoys the challenge of the ocean.修改后：Carol and Ross enjoy going to the beach, but when they are there, they behave very differently. Carol has fair skin and cannot stay in the sun for long. Ross, on the other hand, is dark-skinned and can stay outdoors all day without burning. Carol, who is not a good swimmer, can not fight the Strong waves and ocean currents, while Ross, an excellent athlete and a fine swimmer, enjoys the challenge of the ocean.The complex sentence(复合句)【内容讲解】复合句是由一个主句及一个或多个从句构成的。在复合句中，主句结构独立，从句依附于主句；从句所表达的概念是对主句意义的补充、解释或限定。复合句包括状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句。定语从句大家比较熟悉，下面将对状语从句和名词性从句进行讲解。 1) 状语从句： 时间状语从句：常用连接词有after, as ,as soon as, as long as, before, since, ever since, until, when, while等 例： While the drought was going on, many people took fewer showers and baths.As soon as I have finished Ill give you a call.原因状语从句：由because, as ,since, for, now that等从属连词引导例： As he wasnt ready in time, we went without him.He couldnt come to our party, for he has broken her beg by accident.地点状语从句：常用从属连词有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere 例： I usually shop for dinner anywhere that is handy.Wuhan lies where the Yangze and the Han River meet.条件状语从句： 由if , provided that, unless等从属连词引导例： You can join us for the supper unless you dislike fried squid(鱿鱼).As long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty.让步和对比状语从句：由although, even though, though, whereas, while等从属连词引导例： Horses and mules require water at frequent intervals, whereas camels can go without drinking water for several days.Although he was seriously ill, he stuck to the post.Much as I admire his courage, I dont think he acted wisely. 结果状语从句：由so that, so/such that等从属连词引导例： The cost of education is rising so rapidly that students are looking for ways to cut expenses.My wallet was stolen, so I couldnt pay the bill.They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house.目的状语从句：由so that, in order that, lest等从属连词引导例： On long trips the Grants check off the days on a calendar lest they forget the date.We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in good time.方式状语从句：由as if, as though, as等从属连词引导(as if, as though引导的状语从句动词用虚拟语气。)例： The students completed the experiment as their professor has instructed.He babbled as if he had seen a ghost.He acted as if nothing had happened.比较状语从句：由so as, not as/so as, more than, lessthan, the morethe more等从属连词引导2) 名词性从句：名词性从句可用作句子的主语、表语、宾语和介词宾语。名词性从句的引导词包括that ，疑问词what, whatever, who, whoever, when, whenever, where, wherever, how, which, why, whether. 例： Where the ship sank is unknown.（主语从句）That the climate around the world is changing is an accepted fact.（主语从句）What is done cannot be undone. （主语从句）We would like to inquire whether the university will accept late registration.（宾语从句）The main reason for the defeat was that the enemy has superior weapons.（表语从句）【重点难点】与并列句不同，复合结构不强调意念的分量相同和均衡分布；而是有意突出一个意念，使其成为句子的中心思想，并使其它的意念处于次要地位，对中心思想只起烘托陪衬的作用。主从结构一般由一个强调中心思想的主句和一个包含次要内容的、处于从属地位的修饰语构成。该修饰语可以多种形式出现，包括从句（如定语、状语、名词性从句），短语（如：同位语、分词短语、独立结构、动名词及不定式短语、介词短语等），标点符号（如：破折号、冒号和括弧）标出的附加成份等。这些修饰语在主从结构中是将次要内容置于从属地位，以突出中心思想。考试题中对复合句的考核往往要求把几个简单句改为复合句。要求考生弄清句子之间的关系，加入适当的从属连词。Compound-Complex Sentences(并列复合句)【内容讲解】并列复合句是由两个或多个简单句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。这种句子容量大，可以为你提供更大的自由表达度。并列复合句常用的连接词由and, but, for, so, or, nor等并列连词加上从属连词：because, before, after, when, although等（也包括关系代词和疑问代词）构成。【范例分析】(1) Because it was the snowstorm, a lot of trains were delayed yesterday, so they would leave after the snow was cleaned.例(1)中是由并列连词so引导的并列句加上从属连词because引导的原因状语从句构成的并列复合句。(2) If the students wish to park in the campus parking lots, they must pay for a permit, or the campus police will tag their cars. 例(2)中是由并列连词or引导的并列句加上从属连词if引导的条件状语从句构成的并列复合句。 (3) Before he began to work, he didnt get higher education, but he went to a technical school.例(3)中是由并列连词but引导的并列句加上从属连词before引导的时间状语从句构成的并列复合句。 (4) She might have some difficulties in handling the class, for she was not yet experienced in teaching, although her students loved her very much.例(4)中是由并列连词for引导的并列句加上从属连词although引导的让步状语从句构成的并列复合句。(5) Although the class was over, some students played on the playground, but other students went home to finish their homework.例(5)中是由并列连词but引导的并列句加上从属连词although引导的让步状语从句构成的并列复合句。(6) Before he moved to this city, he had competed his study before 1989, and he had appointed Director of a Medical Research center.例(6)中是由并列连词and引导的并列句加上从属连词before引导的时间状语从句构成的并列复合句。(7) When the power line snapped, Jack was listening to the stereo, and Linda was reading in bed.例(7)中是由并列连词and引导的并列句加上从属连词when引导的时间状语从句构成的并列复合句。 (8) The neighborhood that Henry grew up in was fairly prosperous, but it was by no means wealthy.例(8)中是由并列连词but引导的并列句加上关系代词that引导的定语状语从句构成的并列复合句。 (9) The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted.例(9)中是由并列连词and引导的并列句加上疑问代词what引导的宾语从句构成的并列复合句。(10) While the men worked to strengthened the dam, the rain continued to fall; and the river, which was already well above its normal level, rose higher and higher.例(10)中是由并列连词and引导的并列句加上从属连词while 引导的时间状语从句以及关系代词which引导的定语从句构成的并列复合句。 【重点难点】 如果在写作中总是使用一种或两种句子结构。写出的文章将会令人乏味。要做到句式多样化，方法很简单，即：变化句子结构。方法虽然简单，但可以大大地提高写作质量。为了达到特殊的效果，可将简单句与并列句，复合句或并列复合句混合使用；可将使用修饰语少的句子与使用修饰语多的句子混在一起；交叉运用不同的主从结构和不同的并列结构；可在一连串的陈述句中插入疑问句、祈使句或感叹句；可在正常语序的句子中加上一两个倒装句或使用平行结构。在英语中，有时我们可以通过不同的方法来表示一个同样的意思。这里将对句型的转换方法做一总结。（1）使用词汇手段，即使用同义词来表达。例： She knew Italian very well.She had a good command of Italian.She had a good knowledge of Italian（2）使用语法手段，即改变句子的语法结构。例： The case is being investigated. (为SV结构)The case is under investigation.(为SVC结构)（3）通过句型转换，实现同义表达。简单句句型的转换 SVCSVOHe is very interested in collecting stamps. He takes a great interest in collecting stamps.SVOSVCThe book reflects the Chinese society of my father