不定式与虚拟.doc

动词不定式一、 不定式结构1. 带to的不定式结构能直接跟带to的不定式结构的动词主要有：want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like, love, stop, go, come等。如：I want to go to the movies with you.我想跟你一起去看电影。注意：动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not，即not to do sth.。如：Dave told me not to wake up Kate.大卫告诉我别叫醒凯特。2. 不带to的不定式结构以下几种情况使用不带to的动词不定式：（1）在固定词组had better之后。注意：had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。如：You had better go home now.你最好现在回家。Its cold outside. Youd better not go out.外面很冷，你最好不要出去。（2）在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役动词后，要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：I made them give me the money back.我迫使他们把钱还给我。I didnt see you come in.我没看见你进来。（3）在引导疑问句的why not之后。Why not+不带to的不定式是Why dont you do的省略，可以用来提出建议或劝告。如：Why not study with us？为什么不和我们一起学呢？Why not take a holiday?=Why dont you take a holiday？为什么不休个假呢?（4）不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时，如这些介词前有实义动词do的各种形式，则后接不带to的不定式，否则带to。如：I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受这个事实我别无选择。What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳你还喜欢做什么？（5）为了避免重复，不定式可省去to。如：Im really puzzled what to think or say.对于想什么或说什么，我真的很困惑。二、 不定式的时态不定式常用的时态有一般时、完成时、进行时和完成进行时四种，常用的为前三种。1. 一般时 to do sth.动词不定式的一般式表示不定式的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在之后发生。如：I plan to attend the meeting.我计划参加这次会议。2. 完成时 to have done sth.不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉让你久等了。3. 进行时 to be doing sth.不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：They are said to be working hard.据说他们工作得很努力。4. 完成进行时 to have been doing sth.不定式的完成进行式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前已经发生，并且一直进行着。如：He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.据说他已在那家工厂工作12年了。三、 动词不定式在句中的作用1 作主语如：To live is to work.生活就是工作。To save time is to lengthen life.节约时间就等于延长了人的生命。不定式结构作主语时，现代英语倾向于采用it作形式主语，而把不定式结构后置的形式。如：It is important for students to study English.学好英语对学生来说是很重要的。2. 作定语（1）不定式作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面。如：I have nothing to say on this question.对这个问题我无可奉告。（2）如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。如：Give me a piece of paper to write on. 给我一张纸写字。（3）有些名词常可用不定式作定语。如：Our teacher had no time to think about rest. 我们老师根本没时间考虑休息一下。3. 作宾语I wish to be a college student.我希望成为一名大学生。有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)。如果其中的宾语是不定式短语，则必须将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置上，而将不定式短语(真正的宾语)放在宾语补足语之前。如：I find it useful to learn English well.我发现学好英语很有用。4. 作宾语补足语动词不定式作宾语补足语是动词不定式用法的一个重点，学习时要注意以下三种情况。（1）作动词ask, like, tell等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to不可以省略。如：He asked me to talk about English study.他请我谈谈英语学习。（2）作使役动词let, have, make以及感官动词feel, hear, see, watch等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to要省略。如：The teacher made him say the word like this.老师让他像这样说这个单词。（3）作动词help的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to可以带，也可以不带。如：Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box？你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗？5. 作状语动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性，可在句中作状语。（1）作目的状语。如： He stopped to have a rest.他停下来休息。（3）在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语。如：Im sorry to hear your grandma is ill.听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。（4）在带有enough或too的句子里作状语，表程度。如：He is old enough to go to school.他到了上学年龄了。（5）强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to或so as to +动词原形，so as to不用于句首。如：The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便接乘客。虚拟语气英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。 虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如： If time permits, well go fishing together.如果时间允许，我们就一起去钓鱼。如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如： If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。讲解I. 含有条件状语从句的复合句(以do为例;S=主语)时 间 条件状语从句 主 句与现在事实相反的假设 If +S+did S+would/should/could/might+do与过去事实相反的假设 If +S+had done S+would/should/could/might+have done与将来事实相反的假设If+S should do /were to do S+would/should/could/might+do注意事项：1倒装句。如果条件句中含有功能词had，should，were时，可以省去If，把功能词提前，构成倒装句。2错综条件句。若条件句和主句动作不存在同一个时间，则谓语形式应根据具体情况而定。3If there werent/had not been +=without4If it were not for/ If it hadnt been for= but for5otherwise+虚拟语气的句子6虚拟语气的句子，but+ 陈述事实的句子II. 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中 sb. did (希望现在用过去式) wish+that sb. had done（希望过去用过去完成式）sb. would/should do（希望将来用过去将来）would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气。时 间 从 句虚拟现在 were, did (动词一般过去式)虚拟过去 had done虚拟将来 did (动词一般过去式)I would rather I hadnt said such unkind things to you. （虚拟过去）Id rather you came here for the answer tomorrow morning. （虚拟将来）Id rather you posted the letter right away. (虚拟现在) 3. suggest+（that）S+should+do 表示愿望、建议、请求等主观意向的动词之后的宾语从句，谓语用should 动词原形，should常常省略。decide，demand，desire，insist，order，propose，suggest，recommend，requested， require等。 注意：1. suggest 当“建议”讲时，其宾语从句用虚拟语气；当“暗示、表明”时，用陈述语气 2. insist 当坚持“看法或建议”时，宾语从句用虚拟语气；当坚持“某个事实”时，用陈述语气。判断改错：（错） Your pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.（错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.（对） I insisted that you were wrong.III. 虚拟语气用在主语从句中It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。It is 可用的词有三类 that （should）dosuggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等 important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等 a pity, a shame, no wonder等 IV虚拟语气用在同位语从句中。 某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词后同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should) 动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal（提议），order， demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation（推荐），plan，resolution（决议）， idea等。 eg. We are all for your proposal that the discussion ( should )be put off V 虚拟语气用在表语从句中。某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，表语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should) 动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal，order， demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。eg. My suggestion is that the mayor (should)present the prizes. VI 虚拟语气用在定语从句中It is（about high）time that sb.did sth/should do sth. eg. Dont you think its about time we went home？ 注：在this is the first time second time that句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。 eg.Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？ VII. 虚拟语气用在让步、方式、目的状语从句中 1在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。2由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。3虚拟语气用在lest（唯恐、免得），for fear that及in case引导的目的状语从句中。 在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should 动词原形构成，should也可省略。 eg. He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again VIII虚拟语气用情感语言中 1虚拟语气在表示客气、遗憾以及祝愿等场合中，使用虚拟语气。 eg.You shouldnt have been following him so closely；you should have kept your distance 2If only sb./sth. +时态后退型的谓语 eg. If only I had known the result of the examination.IX.虚拟语气的特殊用法：1. 省掉if的条件从句结构： Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,)2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如：A true friend would not do such a thing.(=If he were a true friend, he would.)3. 有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如：If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be quite all right now.If I were you, I would have gone home.动词不定式练习1. The teacher told them _ make so much noise. A. dont B. not C. will not D. not to2. Our master often told us _ things for granted. A. not to have B. not to take C. didnt take D. not to make3. Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to driveB. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating7. The workers want us _ together with them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going9. I saw him _ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow11. Ive heard him _ about you often. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister. A. cry；to cry B. crying；crying C. cry；cryD. to cry；cry13. He was made _. A. go B. gone C. going D. to go14. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing15. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A. where to choose B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which18. “ Have you decided when _?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.” A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving19. Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made20. He doesnt know _ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will21. She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to seeB. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen22. - The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it offB. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off23. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met24. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking25. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. 26. He was too excited _. A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking27. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented28. He said he would rather not _ it right now. A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing29. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride； ride B. riding； ride C. ride； to ride D. to ride； riding30. Its freezing outside. You _ put on your overcoat. A. had better to B. had better C. would betterD. would better to虚拟语气练习1. Mr Li required the computer equipment referred _ used in every classroom.A. should be B. have to beC. to be D. to being2. Yang Liwei has won great honour for our country.Who is Yang Liwei?What a question! It is surprising _ the first spaceman in China.A. you didnt know our national hero B. to you not to know himC. you should know nothing about D. you knew nothing about him3. What courses are you going to do next term?I dont know. But its about time _ on something.A. Id decide B. I decidedC. I decide D. Im deciding4. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material _ to its burning temperature.A. is heated B. will be heatedC. would be heater D. be heated5. Robert wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university.A. studies B. studied C. has studied D. had studied6. My demand is that the information referred to in my report _ to Mr. Brown without delay.A. to be e-mailed B. e-mailed C. be e-mailed D. being e-mailed7. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he _ to the meeting.A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come8. Without electricity human life _ quite different today.A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be9. If he had not gone out in the storm, he _ alive now.A will be B. would be C. would have been D. is10. If only I _ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew11. But for the party, he _ of hunger fifteen years ago.A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die12. I would have come earlier, but I _ that you were waiting for me.A. didnt know B. hadnt know C. would have known D. havent known13. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students _ two weeks to prepare for the exam. A. give B. should give C. be given D. would be given14. Wang Ling, one of my friends, is very good at English. He speaks English as if he _ an Englishman. A. were B. would be C. have been D. had been15. We _ our lives had it not been for the policeman.A. would have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. had lost16. _ more careful, his ship would not have sunk.A. If the captain were B. Had the captain beenC. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been17. Were it not for the snowy weather, we _ all right.A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be18. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall19. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _ a goal.A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored20. How I wish every family _ a large house with a beautiful garden!A. has B. had C. will have D. had had家庭练习1. _ the seeds and they will grow.A. Water B. To waterC. Watering D. Watered2. The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _ work for young people.A. provide B. to provideC. providing D. provided3. He arrived at the office early, _ a good example to the others.A. set B. to setC. to be set D. having set4. Please make my excuse at tomorrows meeting Ive got too much work _.A. to do to come B. doing comingC. to do coming D. to do coming5. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _.A. to find B. to have found C. to be found D. being found6. After describing the planned improvements, she went on _ how much they would cost.A. to explain B. explaining C. to be explaining D. having explained7. To test eggs, _ them in a bowl of water: if they float theyre bad, if they sink theyre good. A. put B. putting C. to put D. to be putting8. Please remember _ the plants while Im away.A. watering B. to be watering C. to water D. being watering9. _ wine, first you must press the grapes.A. Making B. To makeC. To be making D. Make10. Ive never been so poor _ able to afford a meal.A. as to be not B. not as to be C. as not to be D. as to not be11. I dont know whether to stay in teaching or _ another job.A. trying getting B. to try to getC. trying to get D. try get12. Ill have to change my clothes before I go out I dont want _ like this.A. to see B. to be seeingC. to be seen D. being seen13. In fact, she was the first woman _to such a post.A. to elect B. to be electingC. to have elected D. to have been elected14. Id like _ over the Alps and looking down at the mountains.A. flying B. being flying C. to be flying D. be flying15. Im learning _ a cake. Can you explain _ one?A. to make, to make B. how to make, to makeC. to learn, how to make D. making, making16. Whom would you rather _ with you, Jim or Jack?A. have go B. have to goC. have gone D. has to go17. The husband advised _ to the south, but his wife advised him _ up the idea.A. moving, giving B. to move, to giveC. moving, to give D. to move, giving18. “Would you like to come for a walk with me?” “Id prefer _, thank you.”A. not to B. to notC. not D. cant19. I would mend your radio, but I dont know _.A. how B. toC. how to D. to how20. “I havent heard from Henry for a long time.” “What do you suppose _ to him?”A. was happening B. to happenC. has happened D. had happenedA. to see B. to have seenC. seeing D. having seen 1. This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world. A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced 2. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make 3. Helen had to shout _above the sound of the music .A .making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D .to make herself heard 4. I dont knowwhether you happen_ ,but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September.A .to be heard. B. to be bearing C .to hear D .to have heard 5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left.A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told 6. You were silly not _your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked 7. The teacher asked us _so much noise.A .don