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HIGHLIGHTSHYDROGENFORPERFORMANCEPRINCIPLEBASEDWITHCHARGEANDTOTALTRIPLENGTHFORECASTASAFUNCTIONOFAMOVINGAVERAGEOFPASTCYCLESPEEDTHESTRATEGYWEPROPOSEAIMSATACHIEVINGAREALTIMESUBROADTRANSPORTATIONAND,PARTICULARLY,ROADVEHICLESARENOWAINNOVATIVESOLUTIONS,AIMEDATREDUCINGCOSTSANDEMISSIONS2ELECTRICVEHICLESEVSARESTILLTOOFARFROMBEINGAVALIDSOLUTIONFORTHEPROBLEM,BOTHFORREDUCEDDRIVINGRANGEANDLONGCHARGINGTIMEPROMISINGSOLUTIONSALREADYWIDELYPROPOSEDANDANALYZEDAREPLUGINHYBRIDELECTRICVEHICLESPHEVS,CHARACTERIZEDBYVEHICLESFCVS,WHICHGENERALLYMAKEUSEOFPOLYMERELECTROLYTEOFFURTHERRANGEWITHOUT5INFACT,COMPAREDTOICEPROPELLEDVEHICLES,BOTHCONVENTIONALORELECTRICONES,FCVSARE,LOCALLY,ZEROEMISSIONVEHICLESAND,INCIPLE,IFTHEFUELINGHYDROGENCOULDBEDERIVEDFROMRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES,THESEVEHICLESCOULDALLOWFORZEROPOLLUTANTEMISSIONSALSOATAGLOBALLEVELTHEREFORE,THESEVEHICLESCANGIVEAVALIDCONTRIBUTIONTOMAKETHETRANSPORTATIONSUSTAINABLEINTHELONGTERMANDGOVERNMENTSARESTRONGLYSTRIVINGTOWARDSTHESESOLUTIONS6,7NONETHELESS,EVENBEINGARELATIVELYMATURETECHNOLOGY,THEREARESTILLSOMEDISADVANTAGESRELATEDTOTHEUSEOFFUELCELLSFORVEHICLES,SUCHASHIGHCOSTS,LOWPOWERDENSITY,ANDLACKOFCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSESLAURATRIBIOLIUNICUSANOITLTRIBIOLI,RAFFAELLOCOZZOLINOUNICUSANOITRCOZZOLINO,DANIELECHIAPPINIUNICUSANOITDCHIAPPINI,PAOLOIORAUNIBSITPIORAAPPLIEDENERGY1842016140154CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEAPPLIEDSEVIDAYSPROVEDTOBEONEOFTHEMAINCONTRIBUTORSTOPOLLUTANTANDGLOBALGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONS1THIS,TOGETHERWITHTHERISINGOFFUELPRICE,ISSTRIVINGTHEAUTOMOTIVESECTORRESEARCHTOWARDSMEMBRANEFUELCELLSPEMFCS,WITHTHEPOSSIBILITYREDUCINGPOLLUTANTEMISSIONS,GIVINGASATISFACTORYTHENEEDOFANINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINEICEHTTP/DXDOIORG/101016/JAPENERGY20161001503062619/C2112016ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDWHENHYBRIDPRINKEYWORDSENERGYMANAGEMENTHTPEMFCONBOARDFUELPROCESSORPONTRYAGINSMINIMUMPRINCIPLEADAPTIVECONTROLLEROPTIMALSOLUTIONOFTHECONTROLPROBLEMWHICHISCASTINTOTHEMINIMIZATIONOFTHECONSUMEDFUELTHEVEHICLEISALSOEQUIPPEDBYANAUTOTHERMALREFORMERAND,INORDERTOMINIMIZETHEHYDROGENBUFFERSIZE,THECONTROLALGORITHMISSUBJECTTOCONSTRAINTSONTHEMAXIMUMHYDROGENBUFFERLEVELACOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFTHEPROPOSEDSTRATEGYAGAINSTTHEOPTIMALONEISCONDUCTEDANDRESULTSAREREPORTEDTHEOBTAINEDFUELCONSUMPTIONSAREALSOCOMPAREDTOTHOSEOBTAINEDBYTHESAMEVEHICLE,POWEREDBYANINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINEANDBYAPLUGINHYBRIDELECTRICPOWERTRAINC2112016ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONHIGHOVERALLEFFICIENCY,SHORTTRANSIENTS,LONGRANGEANDLOWROADLOADDEPENDENCY3,4THESAMEADVANTAGESAPPLYFORFUELCELLAVAILABLEONLINE12OCTOBER2016INFORMATIONONTHESTATEOFINFORMATIONABOUTTHEDRIVINGC15MODELBASEDSIMULATORFORENERGYMANAGEMENTC15FUELPROCESSOROPTIMIZATIONFORONBOARDC15ELECTROCHEMICALMODELOFAHTPEMFCC15DESIGNOFREALTIMEPONTRYAGINSMINIMUMC15RESULTSCOMPARISONAGAINSTTHESAMEVEHICLEARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED22APRIL2016RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM9SEPTEMBER2016ACCEPTED2OCTOBER2016OFPARALLELFUELCELL/BATTERYVEHICLEPRODUCTIONANDSTORAGECURVESDETERMINATIONADAPTIVECONTROLLERCONVENTIONALANDHYBRIDPOWERTRAINABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEENERGYMANAGEMENTCONTROLLERDESIGNOFAMIDSIZEDVEHICLEDRIVENBYAFUELCELL/BATTERYPLUGINHYBRIDPOWERTRAIN,WHEREANEXPERIMENTALLYVALIDATEDHIGHTTEMPERATUREPOLYMERELECTROLYTEMEMBRANEFUELCELLMODELISUSEDTHEPOWERMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYISDERIVEDBYTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEPONTRYAGINSMINIMUMPRINCIPLE,WHERETHECONTROLPARAMETERISADAPTEDBYUSINGFEEDBACKADEPTOFINDUSTRIALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITDIROMANICCOLCUSANO,ITALYBDEPTOFMECHANICALANDINDUSTRIALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITDIBRESCIA,ITALYENERGYMANAGEMENTOFAPLUGINFUELCELL/BATTERYONBOARDFUELPROCESSINGLAURATRIBIOLIA,RAFFAELLOCOZZOLINOA,DANIELECHIAPPINIJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELHYBRIDVEHICLEWITHA,PAOLOIORABATSCIENCEDIRECTENERGYERCOM/LOCATE/APENERGYPROVIDING100OFVEHICLETRACTIONPOWERNEVERTHELESS,THECOOPERATIONWITHANENERGYSTORAGESYSTEM,SUCHASABATTERY,CANENERGYHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTURES6THELATTERISSUECOULDBESOLVEDBYUSINGANONBOARDFUELPROCESSORFORONSITEHYDROGENPRODUCTIONFROMHYDROCARBONFUELSTHISSOLUTIONHASBEENOFTENINVESTIGATEDFORTHEUSEOFHYDROGENENRICHEDFUELDIRECTLYININTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES8,9EARLYPROTOTYPESFORFUELPROCESSORSTOBEUSEDDIRECTLYINVEHICLESWEREOBTAINEDBYSCALINGDOWNALREADYEXISTINGINDUSTRIALTECHNOLOGIESINTHISCASE,GASOLINE,ETHANOLANDOTHERAUTOMOTIVEFUELSCOULDBESUCCESSFULLYPROCESSED,BUTTHEPROTOTYPESSTILLREQUIREDVOLUMEANDMASSNOTSUITABLEFORAUTOMOTIVEAPPLICATIONSINTHEUS,ON2004,THESEISSUESANDTHECOMPETITIONWITHMOREMATURETECHNOLOGIES,SUCHASGASOLINE/BATTERYHYBRIDVEHICLES,HAVECONVINCEDTHEDOEONBOARDFUELPROCESSINGGO/NOGODECISIONTEAMTOTERMINATETHERESEARCHONONBOARDFUELPROCESSINGFORFCVS10INEUROPE,INTHEEARLY2000S,DAIMLERCHRYSLERSTARTEDTESTINGMETHANOLPROCESSORSFORTHEFUELINGOFFUELCELLVEHICLEPROTOTYPESNECAR5,BASEDONTHEACLASSMERCEDESDESIGN,WASTHELASTLAUNCHEDPROTOTYPE,WHICHUSEDA75KWBALLARDFUELCELLSHOWINGIMPRESSIVEPERFORMANCE11IN2004,RENAULT/NUVERAPRESENTEDAFOURYEARPROJECTFORAFUELPROCESSORFORONBOARDHYDROGENPRODUCTIONSMALLENOUGHANDPOWERFULENOUGHFORUSEONAVEHICLE,BUTALSOTHISPROGRAMENDEDIN2008WITHNOFURTHERDEVELOPMENTS12INTHESEEARLYPROJECTS,ONBOARDFUELPROCESSINGHADBEENCONSIDEREDFORFUELCELLSPROVIDING100OFVEHICL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