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Social Change,Social change:,What is social change?What causes it?Social movementsGlobalization,What is social change?,Transformations over time of the institutions and culture of society,What causes social change?,Does Giddens have a theory?A theory is a systematic explanation of cause and effectNo real theory presented“Influences” (pp. 618-622)Physical environment (economy)Political organizationCultureSays we need general theories, but abandons them (except globalization as a trend),What causes social change: theories Giddens neglects,Parsons (functionalism): evolutionarydifferentiation of institutionsSymbolic interactionists: social construction, new “scripts”Marx: historical materialism,Dialectics,thesis,antithesis,New thesis,New antithesis,Struggle of opposites,New struggle of opposites,resolution,Dialectical materialism,(material) social forces of production as base (basis) of social lifeIdeas, institutions “erected” in support of relations of productionClass struggle in relations of production becomes politicalStruggle (revolution) leads to new stage of history: historical materialism,Historical Materialism,SuperstructureIdeas, ideology, institutionsSocial reproduction,Social forces of productionRelations of productionMeans of production,Class struggle,Revolution,New superstructure,New forces of production,Postindustrial society,aka information society, service society, knowledge society because these sectors dominate the economyCodified knowledge/information key resource“Knowledge workers” become leading social groupBut:Service work includes a lot of manual laborClose integration of service and manufactureGiddens: this approach overemphasizes economic factors,Postmodernity,ModernityRefers to the industrial periodBased on notion of “progress” i.e., history has a direction, things get betterPostmodernity means that idea has collapsedSocial reality is now pluralistic and diverseEverything is in fluxShafer and Divney: Postmodernists overemphasize cultural factors, wrong about “end of history”,Globalization: “influences”,TelecommunicationsFall of U.S.S.R, “capitalist road” in China brought virtually entire planet into market systemTransnational corporations dominate: biggest 500 TNCs bigger than most countries economies,Table 20.3,Globalization debate,Skeptics:Globalization is not newRegionalization more significantNational governments still play important roleShafer: current events lend credence to the skeptics points,Globalization debate,Transformationalists:Globalization is changing societies, but governments hold onto some powerGlobalization is “multidirectional”New, “nonterritorial” social organizations:TNCsNGOsSocial movements,Globalization debate,Hyperglobalizers:New global order being bornMarket forces more powerful than national governments (Ohmae)National governments in declineInternational organizations grow in power:European UnionWorld Trade Organization,Fig. 20.3,Campaign for global justice,Grassroots social movement concerned about global inequalityBattle of Seattle, 1999Continues today (Miami anti-FTAA protest)Has its own media using WWW:,Epilogue: social movements,Conscious, organized actions to influence social changePiven and Cloward: most effective when mass-based, non-bureaucra