时态型虚拟语气 混合.doc

专四的时态型虚拟语气专题虚拟语气 与事实相反，要用虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示，对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法介绍如下：A).条件从句的虚拟语气 条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反be-were/ 动词-过去式would/ should/ might/ could + do与过去事实相反过去完成式would/ should/ might/ could + have done与将来事实相反were to/ should + do/动词-过去式would/ should/ might/ could + doEg. 如果我是你，我就不看电视了.If I were you, I should/would not watch TV.如果我做完家庭作业，我就去参加晚会.If I did/had done my homework, I would go/have gone to the party.如果你昨天晚上不看电视，就不会迟到了.If you hadnt gone to the cinema, you would not have been late for class.如果你努力地学习的话，你就会考试及格了。If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.The plants in our garden_better if it had not rained so much last year. A.had grown B.would have grown C.were growing D.would growNote:a).条件从句中if 的省略，要倒装如果条件从句的谓语动词包含有were或助动词、情态动词had,should,could，有时可将连词if省去，而将 条件从句的主语置于were,had,should,could之后。这种用法主要用于书面语，如：a.与现在相反：If I were you (=Were I you) , I would go with him. b.与过去相反：If I had had time then (=Had I had time then), I would have gone with you. c.与将来相反：If I were to visit/should visit/visited the Great Wall tomorrow, (=Were I to /Should I visit the Great Wall tomorrow), I would take my son with me. 注意：在否定句中not不可提至主语前，如： （误）Werent I here now, I would be in the bus. （正）Were I not here now, I would be in the bus. b).without 可以代替条件从句 Eg.没有水和空气，我们就不能生存。 We would not live without water or air. c) 混合虚拟条件句 如果条件从句的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的 时间加以调整。这种句子叫做混合虚拟条件句。如： If he had followed my advice,he would be quite all rightnow.（从句述说过去，主句述说现在） If China had not been liberated,the working people wouldstill be leading a miserable life.（ 从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句说明与现在的事实相反）d) 省略主句，只保留if(only)的条件句 虚拟条件句中的表示结果的主句有时形式上可以省略，但意义仍然存在。这种句子只保留一个if(only)条 件从句，表达说话人的强烈愿望。如：If(only)she were my sister！她是我的妹妹就好了！e) 用but或but for引导含蓄条件句（but后跟从句，but for后跟短语: 假如没有, 要不是） But for your help,our experiment wouldnt have been sosuccessful. 假如没有你们的帮助，我们的实验是不会如此成功的。 But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨我们会到得早一些。 We would have invited them to the dance,but they were too busy. 要不是他们太忙，我们会邀请他们来参加舞会的。 此句可改写为：If they had not been so busy,we would haveinvited them to the dance. But that he is in hospital,He would go abroad for hissummer vacation. 要不是生病住院，他就出国度暑假了。 该句可改写为：If he wereint in hospital,he would go abroadfor his summer vacatiom.f) Ifonly.这是一种特殊句式结构 一、If only.用于感叹句中,是一个保留条件句,省略了主句的形式。用来表示某人对某事的一种强烈愿望或未实现的条件,其意为但愿;真希望;要是就好了。常用于虚拟语气的谓语动词形式。 Ifonlysheweremysister!如果她是我姐姐该多好啊! (=Howfineitwouldbeifsheweremysister!)Ifonly.引导的从句谓语动词形式分以下几种:1.Ifonly后常接一般过去时,表示对现在的一种难以实现的愿望。如:1)IfonlyIhadthatbook!我要是有那本书就好了。 =HowfineitwouldbeifonlyIhadthebook(butIhaventthebook). 2)IfonlyIwereyounger!要是我年轻点儿就好了! =HowfineitwouldbeifonlyIwereyounger!(butIamnotyounger) 3)Ifonlymymotherwereherenow!要是我母亲现在在这儿就好了。 (butsheisntherenow)4)Howfineitwouldbeifonlytheycouldfindawaytogettotheroom!他们要是能够找到一条通道进入那个房间该多好啊!2. If only后常接过去完成时,表示过去没有实现的愿望。如:1)Ifonlyyouhadworkedwithgreatercare!你当时干活时要是再认真些就好了! (butyoudidntworkwithgreatercare)2)Ifonlywehadarrivedintime,wewouldnothavemissedthetrain!要是我们及时赶到,就不 会误车了。(butwedidntarriveintime)3.Ifonly后常用过去将来时表示将来不大可能实现的愿望。如:Ifonlyshewouldwin!但愿她能赢!二、If only有时也可引导陈述语气的真实条件句,意思为只要。Ifonlyitclearsup,wellgo.只要天一放晴,我们就去。与此句型容易混淆的还有一种结构only if.,only置于if前表示强调if条件,意为只要,用于引导陈述语气的真实条件句。Onlyifyoustudyhard,youwillpassthetest.只要你努力学习,就会通过考试。B).宾语从句的虚拟语气a).wish+宾语从句 与现在/将来事实相反 谓语动词- be-were/ 动词-过去式 与过去事实相反 过去完成式 eg. I wish I were a bird flying freely in the sky. I wish you passed the entrance exam.I wish you hadnt been absent yesterday.b).表示请求，命令，建议的动词后(一坚持(insist),二命令(order,command),三建议(suggest,propose,advise),四要求(demand, require, request,ask) 谓语动词-(should)+doeg.我们建议她去看医生。 We suggested that she (should) go to see a doctor.例外情况：suggestion，insist后从句中不用虚拟语气的问题suggest作为“表明，暗示”时，不用虚拟语气insist作为“坚持认为”时，不用虚拟语气eg.The smile on his face suggested that he succeeded in the task. 我们坚持他应该去看医生。(坚持要sb做) We insisted that he (should) go to see a doctor. We insisted that old Li was an advanced worker in our company. Janes pale face suggested that she ill and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. A.be;should have B.was;have C.should be;had D.was;has C).主语从句的虚拟语气It is important/necessary/strange+that+主+(should) do.Eg. It is necessary that we (should) master a foreign language to find a good job.D).状语从句的虚拟语气 a).方式从句 与现在/将来事实相反 谓语动词- be-were/ 动词-过去式 与过去事实相反 谓语动词-过去完成式eg.她很悲伤仿佛整个世界都背叛了她。 She felt upset and sad as if/as though the whole world had turned against her. b).让步从句 与现在/将来事实相反 谓语动词- be-were/ 动词-过去式与过去事实相反 谓语动词- 过去完成式eg.即使他向我道歉，我也不会原谅他。 Even if/Even though he apologized to me, I wouldnt pardon him.E).it is (high,about) time+从句的虚拟语气从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是1.用过去时态表示虚拟Or 2.should + 动词原形，should 不能省常译为是（正是）的时侯 It is (high,about) time for+sth. for sb to do. that +clause(谓语动词- be-were/ 动词用过去时或should+V)eg.我们该回家了. It is time (that)we went/should go home.例题1. It is necessary that he _ the assignment without delay. （2010年真题60.） A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in答案：A. It is necessary that 谓语动词用无时态结构（可以理解为省略了should）2. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _ much easier to learn.（2009年真题52.）A. could have been B. would be C. will be D. would have been 答案：B. if 条件状语从句中的虚拟语气，从句中的动词用过去一般时与现在事实相反，be的过去式用were, 主句应是：情态动词would, should, could 加一个与从句一致的动词形式。3. Had Judy been more careful on the math exam, she _ much better results now. （2008年真题52.）A. would be getting B. could have got C. must get D. would get答案：D. 该句从句是对过去的虚拟，而主句是对现在情况的虚拟。另外，该句从句省略了if, 助动词提前，也具有一定的干扰性。4. If only the patient _a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now. （2007年真题54.）A. had receivedB. received C. should receive D. were receiving 答案：A. 此题考查if only 虚拟语气的用法。表示与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时。5. If only I _play the guitar as well as you! (2006年真题52.)A. would B. could C. should D. might答案：B. 此题考查虚拟式在if only引导的条件分句中的用法。本句表示对现在或未来的愿望，虚拟式采用过去时。6. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he _ able to advise you much better than I can. ( 2005年真题51.)A. would be B. will have been C. was D. were答案：A. 这道题是典型的非真实条件从句表示与现在情况相反或对现在情况一种猜测的用法，也可以理解成对现在情况进行虚拟的一种虚拟语气。7. That was not the first time he _ us. I think its high time we _ strong actions against him. （2005年真题60.） A. betrayedtake B. had betrayedtook C. has betrayedtook D. has betrayedtake答案：B. its (high) time 后的谓语要用过去时表示虚拟语气。8. _, Ill marry him all the same.(2004年真题42.)A. Was he rich or poor B. Whether rich or poorC. Were he rich or poor D. Be he rich or poor答案：D参考译文：无论他贫贱与否，我都会嫁给他。试题分析：本题为语法题，考查的是虚拟语气的固定用法详细解答：Be he rich or poor 相当于whether he is rich or poor。9. _ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? (2004年真题44.)A. Would you be surprised B. Were you surprisedC. Had you been surprised D. Would you have been surprised答案：A参考译文：如果昨天没有提前通知你，我就来了，你会觉得奇怪吗？试题分析：本题考查的是虚拟语气的用法。详细解答：这是一个错综时间条件句。条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动 作，发生的时间是不一致的，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。10. It is imperative that students _ their term papers on time.(2004年真题46.)A. hand in B. would hand in C. have to hand in D. handed in答案：A参考译文：学生必须按时上交他们的终期论文。试题分析：本题考查的是虚拟语气。详细解答：It is imperative/necessary/important 等结构后的主语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，should加动词原形，should可省。11. Our tour guide recommended that we _ as attentive as possible when we visit the Great British Museum.A. are B. shall be C. be D. were答案 C，recommend 后面跟虚拟原形。12. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A. Had they