Statistic复习资料.doc

Statistic名词解释1. Data: Which is defined as a group of givens , or measurements, related to any subject we are interested in study. 2. Descriptive Statistic: Methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting date in an informative way.3. Inferential Statistic: Decision, estimate, prediction, or generalization about a population, based on a sample.4.Population: the set of data corresponding to(与之相符) the entire collection of units about which information is sought(寻求).5. Sample: A portion, or part, of the population of interest.6. Qualitative/ Attribute symbol /variable : indicates(指出) the attributive characteristics of the element of the population. 7. Quantitative symbol/variable: indicates the quantitative characteristics of the units. 8. Attribute population : A population comprised(由组成) by the same qualitative symbol is called an attribute(标志) population.9. Variable population: A population made up by the same quantitative symbol is called a variable population10. Nominal level data : Data that is classified into categories and cannot be arranged(排列) in any particular order. Nominal data are numbers that merely indicate name or label differences in kind. Such as gender, eye color and religious application .Mutually exclusive(互斥的) : A property(性质) of a set of categories(种类) such that an individual or object(物体) is included in only one category.Exhaustive(无遗漏的) : A property of a set of categories such that each individual or object must appear in a category.11. Ordinal level data : involves data arranged in some order/ rank, but the differences between data values cannot be determined(确定) or are meaningless. Such as job class, product quality ratings and degrees of agreement .12. Interval level : Similar to the ordinal level, with the additional property(性质) that meaningful amounts of differences between data values can be determined. There is no natural zero point. It permits addition and subtraction(增加和减少) Such as temperature, IQ scores13. Ratio level: the interval level with an inherent(固有的) zero starting point. Differences and ratios are meaningful for this level of measurement. Such as height (0 is the lower limit, and 6 is twice as tall as 3 feet), total Chinas investment, total consumption, speed, and annual sales. All types of arithmetic operations can be performed with such data because these numbers have a natural or true zero point that denotes(表示) the complete absence of the unit of measurement14. Quantitative indicator (Aggregate or Absolute indicator) It reflects the size or level of the objective things (Total instance, total out put value, population)15. Qualitative indicator It reflects the relationships, ratio, developing speed and inner structure of the objective things. (Labor productive, per capita national income)16. Descriptive(描述) indicator reflects accomplished facts. 17. Evaluating(评估) indicator refers to the specific indicator that it should be according to the analysis of the happened economic phenomena of the society.18. Predicting(预测) indicator refers to the possibly reachable indictor according to the estimation based on the realistic situation and developing tendency. 19. Leading(领先) indicator: Its able to predict the tendency of the economy, effect the development of economical situation in turn. (Money supply, stock index movement, etc)Lagging(滞缓) indicator: Concurrent(一致同步) indicator:20. Overall survey: Its a kind of method in which the statisticians observe and register all the elements of a population.(The census of population, industry, agriculture). 21. Non-overall survey: Only part of the population according to the specific purposes and tasks. 22. Continuous survey: Its a kind of survey which observes and registers the surveyed object continuously and regularly without interrupt. (Daily, weekly or monthly record of the industrial output)23. Incontinuous survey: Its a kind of survey which observes and record the survey objects every a period.24. Statistic grouping(编组): Its a kind of method applied to divide a population into several related parts. 25. Quantitative (Categories) frequency distribution: It refers to the frequency which is formed according to the qualitative groupings.(The groups within a population which has different attributes)26. Variable(变量) frequency distribution: It refers to the frequency distribution which is formed according to the quantitative groupings. (The groups within a population which has different variables)27. Distribution on monomial/ discrete variables(单项式变量分配数列): there is only one value in a group28. Distribution on intervals(组距式变量分配数列): in which the variables are divided into sections(分段) and each of the sections is a group.30. Variation(变化) refers to the characteristic/ phenomenon statistic presentations are different. Variable(可变物) signifies the measurements of quantitative symbols vary over different units.31. Discrete(离散) variable: Variables in which there are breaks/gaps in the values are known as discrete. (The number of machines, family members or size of shoes) Continuous(连续) variable: Variables in which there are no breaks/gaps in the values, which mean any value can ideally be taken in the intervals, are known as continuous.(The total profits of enterprises, weight of products, or total assets.)32. Frequency distribution: A grouping of data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each.33. Class Midpoint: A point that divides a class into two equal parts. This is the average of the upper and lower class limits. Class Frequency: The number of observations in each class. Class interval: The class interval is obtained by subtracting the lower limit of a class from the lower limit of the next class. The class intervals should be equal.34. Period indictor and point indicator: period indicator: It refers to the result of the development in a certain period. (Gross output, output value, total investment) Point indicator: It refers to the momentary arrived level or situation of some social economic phenomenon at a certain time point. (Population, bank deposit, stocks.)35. Aggregate (Quantitative) indicator of the population is the summation of the number of units of the whole population. (The number of employees/enterprises/people/students) Aggregate indicator of the variable is the summation of the specific value of the units of the population. (Industrial output value, sales or total assets)36. Dimensionless(无名数) Indicators: numbers, such as coefficient(系数), multiple(倍数), percentage or percentile(千分数).37. Median: The midpoint of the values after they have been ordered from the smallest to the largest, or the largest to the smallest. (It can be computed for ratio, interval and ordinal level)38. Skewed(倾斜) distribution: One whose shapes on either side of the center differ; a nonsymmetrical(不整齐) distribution. 39. Variance: The arithmetic mean of the squared deviations from the mean.40. Standard deviation: The square root of the variance. 41. Mean deviation: The arithmetic mean of the absolute values of the deviations from the arithmetic mean.42. Proportion: The fraction(小部分), ratio, or percentage indicating the part of the sample or the population having a particular trait(特色) of interest(利息).43. Quartiles: 44. Z scores: Its an extreme value or outlier located far away from the mean.45. Inter-quartiles range: the distance between the third quartile Q3 and the first quartile Q1. 46. Population: The entire set of individuals or objects of interest or the measurements obtained from all individuals or objects of interest(利息).47. Sample: A portion, or part, of the population of interest.48. Parameter(参数): A parameter is a measurable characteristic of a population.49. Statistic: A statistic is a measurable characteristic of a sample.50. Sample size: It means the number of population units included in the sample.51. Sampling error: The differences between the sample and its corresponding population parameter.52. Sampling distribution(分配) of the sample mean: The sampling distribution of the sample mean is a probability distribution consisting of all possible sample means of a given sample size selected from a population.53. Survey error: Errors involved in a Sampling refer to differences between the sample statistic and the