英语基本语法讲稿及练习.doc

第一部分： 要求 )语法课程对学生的要求： 让学生掌握较全面的语法知识.掌握下列各项的基本用法：1所学单词的形态变化.2简单句的基本句型.3形容词和副词的比较等级.4动词的九种时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时）5动词的被动语态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去进行时.6情态动词：can, may, must , should, ought to , need, dare, etc.7非谓语动词的各种用法及其时态和被动语态.8虚拟语气.9名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句.10状语从句：表示时间、原因、条件、地点、目的、结果、让步、比较、方式.11定语从句.12强调句型.13常见的倒装句；14常见的构词法15主谓的一致关系. 第二部分 语法及词汇第一章 代词和冠词一、语法提要 1代词 代词可分为8类：人称代词，物主代词 ，反身代词， 指 示代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词，关系代词.本节讨论前五类后三类在疑问句，定语从句，名词性从句中讨论. 1）.人称代词（主格，宾格），物主代词（形容词性，名词性及反身代词关系一览表： 主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词一人称 单数 IImemymineMyself复数WeusouroursOurselves二人称单数youyouyouryoursYourself复数youyouyouryoursYourselves三人称单数hehimhishisHimself单数sheherherhersHerself单数itititsitsItself复复数theythemtheirtheirsThemselves 2)指示代词有：this， that， these， those，it，such，same等.在句中可以作主语，宾语，表语和定语. 3）不定代词常有some， any， no， none， many， much， few， little， each， every， one， all， both ，either， neither， other， another等，还有some， any， no ，every 构成的复合不定代词 2冠词 冠词可分为不定冠词（a, an）和定冠词(the). 不定冠词的用法： 1）第一次提到某人或某物时，用不定冠词起介绍作用. 2）不定冠词与名词连用时，通常表示一类. 3）用于表示可数名词的单数. 定冠词的用法： 1）在表示提到过的某人或某物的名词前要用定冠词. 2）表示说话人和听话人都知道的共同所指的东西. 3）在序数词前. 4）表示类别. 5）在乐器名称前. 6）在形容词和副词的最高级前.7）在江河湖海山脉等专有名词前.8）在表示独一无二的东西名词前.二、检测题1After watching TV， she played _violin for an hour. A，/，/ b. the ，the c. the， / d. /，the2 China is _old country withlong history. a， an c. an， a d， the ， the3 It took me _ hour and_ half to finish my homework. Aa ，a B.an，a c. an，an d. an ，the4Many people are in _hurry to catch _bus every day. A/，a b. a ，the c. the ，a d. an， the5_horse is _useful animal. A，A， a b. The，the c. /，a d， /，/6 White visited _poor last week. A The ， / b. The ，the c，A ，a d. A， the7Have you ever see _as tall as this one ？ a A tree b. such tree c. an tree d. tree8Now you see how important it is to learn _second language. A，the b./ c. a d. an9 She is _young teacher of about twenty. A The . very c. a d. more10_young people must appreciate _happy life of today. A A a b. the a c. The， the d. A the11 It is too difficult _question to be answered in so short _time. Aa a b. the，a c. a ，the d. the， the12 We seldom celebrate _Moon Festival and _Dragon-boat Festival. A The ， a b. the， the c. / ./ d. a， the13.He came here in _Autumn of 1978.a. a b. / c. the d. an14. _Pearl River flows into _South China Sea.a. The,/ b. /, the c. The, the d. /,/15.They set up a school for deaf and _dumb.a. the , the b. /,the c. / , / d. a, a/16.LiLan was _in my childhood. a. Mine a good friend b. A good friend of me c. my good friend d, a good friend of mine17.I am as tall as _. A, her b. She c. herself d. Itself18. The sentence_ is wrong.a. it b. himself c. itself d. herself19.Here are two novels. You may read_ of them.a. either b. all c. every d. each.20._are good at physics.a. the both students b. Both theyc. Both of they d. both those students21. The old man has three sons. One is a doctor, _ are workers.a. other b. The other c. another d. the others22. She sings better than _ in our class.a. any other girls b. Some other girlsc. any girl d. some girl23. Try to make as _ mistakes as possible in your work.a. few b. Little c. less d. fewer24. _Who is it? _Its _.a. I b. he c. me d. his25. Is _ necessary to tell his father everything?a. it b. that c, what d. he26. The weather of this winter is much colder than_ of last year.a. it b. one c. that d. which27. There are more students in our school than _.a. your school b. in yours c. your d. your28._price are tomatoes today?a. How much b. What c. Which d. How many29. How is _ at home?a. anything b. everything c. something d. nothing30.Lets be honest with each other. Youve never cared _ about me, and you know _.a. something, it b. anything, it c. nothing, that d. everything, it 第二章 名词，数词和主谓一致 一.语法提要；1）名词A、名词的数. A）可数名词有单数和复数之分，复数形式通常有以下变化规则： 情况复数变化 例外一般情况加-s -以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词加-es -以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es -以o结尾的词加-esRadio, piano, photo只加s以f或fe结尾的词变f为v再加-esRoof, belief, proof只加s B）有少数名词有不规则的复数形式man -men woman-women, tooth - -teeth foot-feet,mouse -mice child-childrenphenomenon -phenomena有个别名词单复数形式一样，如：Chinese , means , sheep合成名词构成复时将其中包含的主体名词变为复数.如：passer-by -passers-byfather in-law-fathers-in-law如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词后面加复数.如：go-between -go-betweensgrown-up-grown-ups由和构成的合成名词，两者都要变成复数.Man-servant-men-servantsWoman designer-women-designers B、名词的格 A）.有生命的事物的名词所有格一般是在词尾加s,如：Xiao Wangs book, the authors names 如果名词以复数词s结尾，则加“”，如：the students library, the workers opinions 如果名词是复数，但不是以s结尾，则加s,如： the womens life, the peoples congress B）无生命的事物的名词所有格一般是用”of”结构，如： the cover of the book, the windows of the room 2）主谓一致.主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词必须在人称和数上保持一致，一般来说，主谓一致表现在语法一致，意义一致和彼邻一致三个方面.语法一致是指主语和谓语在语法形式上一致关系意义一致是指主语和谓语根据意思上的单复数确定其一致关系.彼邻一致是在有两个以上主语时，谓语动词就近原则 二检测题1. About _of the workers in that steel works are young people.a. third-fifths b. three-fifths c. three-fives d. three-fifth2. Two _died of cold last winter.a. hundreds old people b. hundred old peoplec. hundreds of old people d. hundred old peoples3. Shortly after the accident, two _police were sent to the spot to keep order.a. dozen of b. dozens c. dozen d. dozens of4. We went to our teachers home yesterday. She gave us _.Some advice b. advices c. an advice d. some advices5. I opened the letter and it contained _.A. the important informations. B. an important information c. some important information d. some informations6.A number of books _ in the book-store.a. have been sold out b. has been sold outc. has sold out d. have sold out7.Either you or I _able to attend the meeting A. is b. am c. has been d. are8.None of them _- a good boy. a. seemed b, seem c. seems d. is seemed9.50 percent of the teachers in our school present _women. a. are b. is c. was d. were10.Half of the apple _ bad. a. has b. have c. is d. are11. Reading books _ one wise.a. make b. made c. get d. makes12. Mathematics _ a very important subject.a. are b. was c. were d. is13. Our group _ wonderful. They are always ready to help each other.a. is b. was c. were d. are14. Not only the children but their mother_ to see the film.a. likes b. is fond of c. like d. are fond of15. _ is in the park today. a. Toms family b. the toms family c. The toms family d. The family of Tom16. Both Marx and Engles were _.a. Germans b. Germen c. from German d. German17. Lets stop by the _ on the way home.a. books store b. book store b. books store d. store of books18. _ were blown down in the storm.a. Two scores of trees b. Scores of treec. Scores of trees d. Score of tree19. The Second World War broke out in_a. the 1930s b. 1930s c. 1930s d. the 1930es20. In his _ he began to learn English.a. thirty b. thirtieth c. thirties d. thirteen21. I have three _. A. teeth-brush b. tooth-brushes c. teeth-brushes d. tooth brush22.There are fifty _ in our school.a. woman teachers b. women teacher c. woman teacher d. women teachers23. Miss White is a friend of _.a. Alices mother b. Alice mothersc. Alices mothers d. mothers of Alice24. She has been there for _-.a. one and a half month b. one and a half monthsb. one and half of month d. one and the half months25. _rooms are both large and comfortable.a. Toms and Jacks b. Tom and Jacksc. Toms and Jack d. Tom and Jack26. A new _building will be completed soona. twenty-storeyed b. twenty-storeysc. twenty-stories d. twenty-storeys 27.In the room _a big table and a great many chairs.a. do we find b. Is found c. are found d. have found28.Not only Tom but his wife _fond of watching TV.a. are b. were c. be d. was29.Here is a message of importance to every man and woman who _.a. vote b. votes c. have voted d. is voted3o. Not all the children will visit_ parents on Sunday.a. his b. their c. their d. his or her 第三章 形容词和副词 一. 语法提要 1、形容词和副词在句中的作用 1）形容词可以作定语，表语，宾语补足语等成分 2） 副词可以作状语，表语，定语及复合宾语. 2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 1）形容词的比较级和最高级单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加的方式构成比较级和最高级一般情况直接加-er, est以e结尾的词加-r, -st以辅音+y结尾的词变y为i，再加-er,-est重读闭音节词双写末尾的辅音字母再加 2)多音节词和部分双音节词在前面加或的方式构成：原 级 比 较 级 最 高 级beautiful more beautiful most beautifuldifficult more difficult most difficultcareful more careful most careful 3）一些特殊的比较级和最高级原 级比 较 级最 高 级Good, wellBetterbestBad, illWorseworstMany, muchMoremostlittleLessleast 二 检测题.1. Since their enterprise has not followed the budgetary regulations as we did, their gross revenues were less this year _. a. than us b. as ours c. than ours d. but also ours2Experienced drivers have _ accidents than beginners.a. less b, fewer c. not many d. very few3This year will be a difficult one for them because _.a. they have less money and volunteers than they had last yearb. they have less money and fewer volunteers than they had last yearc. both the money and volunteers are fewer than last yeard. the volunteers have fewer money than last year4Ball-point pens require _ than fountain pens do.a. the thicker the ink b. An ink and thickerc. a thicker ink d. the ink is thicker5There were two small rooms in the beach house,_ served as a kitchen. a. the smaller of which b. the smallest of which c. the smaller of them d. smallest of that6The Korean climate is _ than that in Japan.a. pleasanter b. more pleasant c. far pleasant d. betterpleasant7Frank plays _Alex.a. a lot more better than b. much more better thanc. a lot better than d. much more well than8Have you finished your homework? This less is _ than the last one.a. more easier b. more easy c. very easier d. much easier9The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are _ than those taken from the earth. a. clearest b. the clearest c. much clearer d. more clearer 10.Of the two houses， the family prefer_. a The most isolated one b.the more isolated one c， the one isolated more d. the isolated one more11“This cake is delicious”“Well， at least it is _the one I baked last week.” AAs worse as b. as better than c. no worse than d. not better as12The life span of a sun fish is short，_ten years. aMore seldom than b. more seldom c seldom more than d， seldom than more13She is older than _the group. A Any other girl in b. any girl in c. all girls d. you and me as well as14 You will have to practice _ times before you can do it. a.Many more b. more many c more often d. more several15The weather is _at this time of year than in the spring. a.Calm b. calmest c. calmer d. more calmer16 It took five men to carry the tree， which was _than a three-story building. a.Taller b. as tall c. more taller d. the tallest17The appreciation of classical music is _ subject than that of rock music to the prevailing trends aless b.few c. fewer d. least18There were a lot _ people there than I expected. a.More b. more of c.more than d.of19Comparing Mexico city with Montreal， the first thing we must point out is the former is _. a.Larger b.more c.largest d.most20The plan for the workshop calls for a _foundation than the one we currently have. AStronger b. most strongestc.stronger than d. as stronger 第四章 时态，语态，情态动词 一 语法提要时态：动词的时态共有16种，其中有9种作为英语四级必须掌握，它们是： 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在将来时 现在完成时 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去将来时 现在完成进行时 语态：英语句子有主动语态和被动语态.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者.被动语态由“be+动词的过去分词”构成.被动语态的时态变化只变化的形式，过去分词部分不变. 现将被动语态的时态变化列表如下： （以 tell 为例） 形态时间一般进行完成现在I am toldI am being toldI have been told过去I was toldI was being toldI had been told将来I shall be told无I shall have been told过去将来I should be told 3情态动词：需要掌握can ，may，must，would， should， need， ought to，dare的用法二 检测题1There seemed little hop that the explorer，_by his guide， would be able to find his way through the jungle. ahad deserted b. having deserted chad been deserted d. having been deserted2Any souvenir article _less than 50 dollars may be brought in duty free. a.Costs b.costing c. cost d. costed3 It rained for three hours， completely _our picnic. a.ruin b. ruins c. ruined d. ruining4_a second time， the passage becomes clearer in meaning aRead b.Having read c.Reading d.To be read5_in the barbers chair， an idea suddenly occurred to me a While sitting b. Sitting c. While I was sitting d .Having sat6 The boat，_up and down in the lake， was almost turned upside down. Atossed b. having tossed c. tossing d. to be tossed7 It was foolish of the girl _your name and address. a To have not asked b. not asking c not to have asked d. not asked8I was surprised at _ an index to the book. a.there was not b. there not being c being not d. not being9Its impossible for _a mistake in these calculation. a.being b. being there c. there being d.there to be10I dont know_. a.whom be elected b.whom electingc whom to elect d. whom elected11I dont remember _on that subject. a.you speak b. you spoke c.you speaking d. you to speak12_extremely fashionable clothes and _by reporters， the famous actress swept up to the microphone. a.Worn， surrounded b. Wearing ，surrounded c Wearing， surrounding d. Worn， surrounding13We were so late _to the theater that we missed most of the play. a.Getting b. so to get c. to get d. as to get14I hear that the company is considering_ your suggestion. a.to accept b. accept c. accepted d. accepting15 Several of these lathes are out order and_. a.need to be repairing b. require that they are repaired c repairing is required of them d. need to be required16Would you please _ the listening comprehension script until after you have listened to the tape？ a.not to read b.not read c. dont read d.not reading 17This years budget _，we can not afford to build the water supply system . a Severely cut b.be severely cut cwill be severely cut d.was severely cut18The objective of any conversation class should be for the students _ . a practicing speaking b. practicing to speak c to practice speaking d. to practice to speak 19，A laser beam can be made _even the hardest substance. a. to have passed through b.to be passing through c to pass through d. to be passed through2o.They both objected _to study in a boarding school. a.Ton send b. to be sent c. sending d， to being sent21I felt sure that if I had come from a working-class background I _guilty. a.may have found b. would have been found c might be found d. would be found22 We _be stricter with ourselves.We should not overlook our own shortcomings. awill b. could c. must d. need23You need not thank us. This is what we _do. Aought to b.might c.should be able to d.had better24“You _a bit more helpful when we arrested you，”the policeman said to the young man. a might be b.would have been c could have been d. must have been25“You _lead a horse to the water，but you _ make it drink.” a.Can，might b. will，may c.can，may d.may，cant 第五章 非谓语动词 一 语法提要概述 动词在句子中除充当谓语外，还可以起名词的，形容词或副词的作用，在句子中充当主语，宾语，表遇，补语，定语和状语.非谓语动词有三种： 1）动词不定式 to+动词原形 2）分词 （现在分词和过去分词） 3）动名词 动词的非谓语形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化.动词的非谓语形式具有动词的一般特征，可以带宾语，状语构成短语. 动词的非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化： 语态时态 主动 被动动词不定式一般to writeto be written进行to be writing完成To have writtento have been written完成进行To have been writing现在分词和动名词一般writingbeing written完成Having writtenhaving been written过去分词一般written 1、动词不定式： 动词不定式能起名词，形容词和副词作用，充当谓语以外的各种成分.即可作主语，宾语，宾语补足语，表语定语，状语.2、 动名词 动名词可以起名词的作用，在句中作主语，宾语，表语和定语.动名词可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语. 3、分词 分词有现在分词和过去分词.在句中作定语， 状语，表语，宾语补足语.二检测题1. Someone must have se