【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO24-2阅读文本.docx

威学教育|专注雅思、托福等出国考试培训 网址：【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 全集之TPO24-2TPO 24TPO24-2 Breathing During Sleep1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?A During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.B The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.C The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.D The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:A It has its control center in the brain stem.B It controls breathing for a number of activiti during wakefulness. C It is able to bypass the automatic system.D It produces an irregular breathing pattern. m mOf all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration通 1 1when asleep.During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic,毳.metabolic system whose control is centered in thebrain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate wand depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.3. The word exclusive in the passage is closest in meaning toA consistent B perfect C partial D sole4. According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?A The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.B Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.C An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.D The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.5. What is the authors purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?A To refute the argument that additional effo necessary for breathing during sleep B To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleepC To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep D To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPT A relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory systemB changes in resistance between the two sides of the noseC easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway D absence of certain complex muscle interactionsDuring NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep theautomatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.V / But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,inhalingis like sucking air out of a balloonthe narrowpassages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the good side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.7. According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?A There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.B The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.C The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting inD The airways become cleared as the blood removestheconsiderableelevation of carbon dioxide andairway, then resume breathing and likely return toresume in the passage is closestirritants.8. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person toA increase the breathing effort B wake up and remove the source of irritation C cough while still sleeping D stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping9. The word considerable meaning to A significantB Steady C Usual D necessary10. The word meaning to A reduce B stop C Readjust D restartreduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.B Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.C Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.D Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes thatoccur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged iseven lower in REM than NREM because, althoughbreathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular,with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. | Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. | However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.| During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems.| The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.12. Look at the four squares | that indicate where